IFSM 310 – Stage 2 Assignment – Due Sunday

Chapter 3

Software

3.1 System Software

3.2 Systems Software Overview

Ubuntu 12.04 is an example of a OS

System software can be separated into two different cate- gories, utility programs and operating systems. Operating systems are the foundation of your computer and almost every electronic device. The OS boots up the computer and makes sure everything is operational. The OS is also what runs your cell phone and most of your electronic de- vices. The OS is, for the most part, the GUI that shows you all of your applications, and without the OS you can- not use the computer. There are many different types of OS’s which are discussed later. Utility programs per- form a very specific task, to either enhance or manage your computer. For example your virus protection pro- gram, like norton[1], is an example of a utility program along with the install/uninstall program that comes stan- dard with Windows.

3.2.1 Systems Software vs Application Software

Systems Software

Systems Software are applications or programs that are designed specifically for running the hardware on a per- sonal computer and are used to maintain a platform for Application Software to be used. This means that sys- tems software is designed to communicate with the in-

ternal parts of your computer such as the hard drive, RAM, ROM, cache, microprocessors, etc. so that the user doesn't have to. It contains all of the drivers nec- essary for this type of communication, and ,in the most simplest sense, it is the interface between the user and the hardware.[2] The Operating System (called the OS for short) on your computer is not only one of the most important systems software on a computer, but is also the most frequently used. It is the software that runs in the background and brings the separate, physical parts of the computer together in order to provide the seamless stream of activity that a user experiences. Some of its responsibilities include the transfer of data between the memory and disks (on your hard drive) as well as provid- ing the information needed to display icons, text, cursors and other visible necessities on the display screen. This display is called the graphical user interface or GUI and is entirely the result of the OS on the computer. This can be compared by viewing the differences between the Ubuntu OS and the Mac Snow Leopard OS. The icons between the two are positioned differently and they look different too. The Mac OS and GUI tends to have a more three dimensional aspect to it where Windows tends to appear more flat. It should also be remembered that the operat- ing system conducts itself independently of both the user and any application software being used. This means that it is not directly dependent on the user or other programs in order to operate. Some other systems software would include Bios and device firmware. These help the user interact with other utilities such as diagnostic tools, lan- guage translators, data communication programs, as well as data management programs. [3]

• Ubuntu GUI

• Mac GUI

Application Software

Application Software are the most common programs that run in the foreground of the computer. They tend to perform useful tasks which are not associated with com- puter maintenance, system boot-up, or hardware commu- nication. Application software is directly reliant on the Systems Software to communicate to the physical com-

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ponents of the computer and cannot operate without it. If you were to visualize this, the Application Software would operate on top of the Systems Software and would be the most visible to the user while the Systems Software would remain in the background unnoticed. The Systems Software would then communicate to the Hardware on its behalf and deliver any information to it from the Appli- cation Software. In turn, any information needed from the Hardware would pass through the Systems Software to the Application Software. Application Software are the most familiar forms of software and come in a vari- ety of types. Most often they can be accessed through the graphical user interface of the operating system be- ing used by double-clicking on an icon. Some of the most popular examples include word processors, spread- sheets, photo-editing programs, database programs, and accounting programs to name a few. This list is by no means the extent to which application software may be used and many more programs are being created con- stantly to help individuals with daily activities. [4]

•

3.3 The Operating System

A computer would not be able to function correctly with- out an operating system. An operating system is a soft- ware program that empowers the computer hardware to communicate and operate with the computer software.[5] An operating system is one of the most important parts of a computer. The operating system is able to do basic tasks as well as complex tasks. An operating system can be classified as a multiuser, multiprocessing, multitask- ing, multithreading, and real time. The operating system makes sure that different programs, and users running at the same time, do not interfere with one another. The owner of a computer interacts with the operating system through a set of commands. All application programs need an operating system. Also, operating systems op- timizes one’s computer performance. Most of the work that is involved in the operating system is unnoticed be- cause it does the work behind the scenes. This system is in charge of managing one’s network connections. Consid- ering all the new technology out, operating systems must be uploaded in order to support the new technology being uploaded to computers. All in all, the operating system is the core of all computers.

• Operating system architecture

3.3.1 Multitasking and Multithreading

Multitasking is a computer’s ability to seemingly run multiple tasks or processes at the same time. For ex- ample, you might have an Internet browser open to read this page while also having a word processor open to take

A screenshot from a computer that is running multiple applica- tions, which is possible due to the processor’s multitasking capa- bilities.

notes and a media player open to stream music. In real- ity, however, the computer is not actually able to process multiple tasks simultaneously; rather, it switches between them at incredibly quick speeds to give the appearance of working on them simultaneously. CPUs have become faster over time, which allows computers to increasingly run more applications at the same time and switch be- tween them more quickly and seamlessly. If computers could not do this, a user would have to painstakingly close an application any time he or she wanted to do anything in another application.

With Continuity, Apple devices become more connected

Continuity is a new form of multitasking. Continuity was a new feature that came together with Apple’s iOS 8 and OS X Yosemite. It lets you seamlessly move between

3.4. OPERATING SYSTEMS FOR PERSONAL COMPUTERS 69

your compatible Apple devices or use them all simulta- neously. Continuity includes features such as Handoff, Phone Calling, Instant Hotspot, and SMS. Handoff is a feature wherein you can start work from one device then continue on another. For example, you may be work- ing on a document on your Mac but then suddenly you have to leave the desktop. With Handoff, you can simply continue your work on the iPad while you are away from the desktop. Phone Calling is simply phone calls on your computer or tablet when they are connected to your phone through the same Wi-Fi network. This allows for instant responses to calls without having the need to use your phone. Instant Hotspot is where your iPhone can pro- vide internet access to your other devices. Finally, SMS allows you to send and receive text messages to and from your computer or tablet. This allows for you to seamlessly answer messages without even lifting your phone. Conti- nuity is basically taking the concept of multitasking and simplifying it by using multiple devices instead of using multiple CPUS.[6]

Multithreading, on the other hand, is a computer’s abil- ity to perform multiple operations within a given task at seemingly the same time. Again, the processor is not ac- tually able to do multiple things simultaneously, but it is able to switch between different actions so quickly that, for all intents and purposes as far as the user is concerned, it is doing them simultaneously.[7]

3.3.2 Functions of the Operating System

Some of the primary functions of the operating system in- clude creating an interface for the user and the computer to interact, booting up the computer, configuring devices, managing network connections, and managing the jobs of the computer.

User Interface

Graphical User Interface

In order for computers and users to interact, some sort of user interface must be provided. User interfaces can be based on text, such as the original DOS that was used in the 1980s and 1990s, or it can be based on graphics. Most personal computers and mobile devices today use a graphical user interface, also known as GUI, which uses visuals such as icons, desktops, pointers, and menus for users to utilize. Basic forms of graphical user interface include the use of checkboxes, lists, and other fundamen- tal forms of input. Examples of graphical user interfaces include Windows, Mac OS, and many other modern op- erating systems.

Booting the Computer

BIOS chip

Another function of the operating system involves boot- ing up the computer. This process occurs when the CPU (if it’s in a multi-core processor, one is designated) which contains the bootstrap processor (BSP) initiates the ba- sic input/output system (BIOS) which contains a set of instructions that tell the computer how to boot up. The BIOS chip tells the computer to look for the boot loader. The boot loader’s job is to initiate the operating system. It does this by finding the kernel, which contains the operat- ing system, and loading it into the memory. [8] The BIOS also performs a power-on self-test (POST). The POST ensures that all the functions and components of the com- puter are properly working before startup.

3.4 Operating Systems for Per- sonal Computers

3.4.1 Buffering and Spooling

The part of the operating system used mostly with print- ers is buffering. This part can be in the RAM (Random Access Memory) or the hard drive. This area is meant to hold the input and the output during their way out of the system. [9] Although many people are familiar with buffering having to do with loading while streaming

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Printed spool half

videos and music, it can also be referred to as a tempo- rary form of memory. [10] While a buffer is doing its job, the CPU can change data before relocating to any other devices. When items are placed into a buffer waiting to be regained, this is called spooling. Along with buffers being used with printers, spooling often refers to print spooling. Many college campuses have print spooling, which enables one printer to have multiple print jobs sent to it at one time. These multiple documents can be sent all from the same computer or more than one. While this spooling occurs, there is a print queue that all documents waiting can be stored until they are printed. Spooling is a very useful tool because while one device may not run as fast, it provides documents with a waiting area in the meantime.

DOS

DOS (Disk Operating System) was the dominant operat- ing system for microcomputers in the 1980s and the early 1990s. The first version of DOS was developed for IBM. DOS is a rather simple operating system but it does not utilize a graphical user interface and it does not support modern processors, which is why it is no longer used. [11] Some computers can still run the DOS commands but the user needs to know how to input the commands using the Command Prompt window. This non-graphical operating system was originally writ- ten by Tim Paterson and was introduced in August 1981. The last DOS system to be released was the MS-DOS 6.22 in 1994. The DOS system used a command line, instead of a GUI (graphical user interface), to allow the user to navigate, open files, and perform other functions. [12] Today, people use a mouse to navigate the computer and carry out commands, but with the DOS there was a command-line interface which had specific commands put in a prompt, which then brought up whatever file or program was prompted. Later, software programs with menu-based or icon-based interfaces were created for convenience. While the DOS systems are not used any- more, the command shell, now called the Windows com- mand line, is still used today. [13]

• Part of a DOS code page

• A Command Line Interface Page

Windows

Windows is a series of operating systems that is designed by Microsoft. The first two versions of the Windows op- erating system, introduced in 1985 and 1987 respectively, were primitive. Windows 1.0 had only basic functions such as MS Paint and a word processor and Windows 2.0 had very rudimentary versions of Word and Excel. Windows did not become popular until its third release in 1990. Windows 3.0 had enhanced graphics, the abil- ity to “multi-task”, and (for the first time) virtual mem- ory. This version was so popular that it stayed on the market for eleven years. The next big improvement came with Windows 95, which expanded from 16-bit to 32- bit. Windows 2000 was known for its increase in plug-in devices that were congruent with the operating system. Windows XP, or Windows 2001, included a comprehen- sive help center to allow users to utilize different types of media and was designed mostly for user ease and con- venience. [14] The main feature of Windows Vista is the Instant Search at the bottom of the start menu. Then Win- dows 7 came out and the improvements were mainly to make it faster and easier to use. The most recent version of Windows is Windows 10. Windows 10 came out late July 2015. The new Windows will allow you do to more than one thing at once. It also allows for a new way to search and there is a way to open the Windows store from your home page.[15] Windows is the most commonly used operating system and is used on about 90% of all personal computers.

• Screenshot of Microsoft Windows 1.0

• A Presentation of Windows 8

Mac OS

Apple Corporation’s registered operating system is called Mac OS. There are many different branches stemming from the Mac OS X family. It was primarily based off of UNIX because of its standard interface and graphics look. Mac OS X Snow Leopard was the primary operat- ing system, followed by the making of Mac OS X Moun- tain Lion, which is the newest and greatest version of Mac Operating Systems. Mac OS has capabilities of multi- threading and multitasking. It also has a 64-bit proces- sor that runs with applications used with 64-bit software. The many great features of Mac OS X creates an easy working environment for students, teachers, and parents to easily access many files. Mac OS is also known for its great graphic features that are popular to artsy users. The Launchpad and Mission Control with the bird’s-eye view of the Dashboard and desktop make opening applications easier for users. Apple plans to launch a new operating system in the Fall of 2014 titled OS X Yosemite, which

3.4. OPERATING SYSTEMS FOR PERSONAL COMPUTERS 71

will feature a redesigned interface as well as multiple ways for users to perform activities across their Apple devices. [16]

UNIX

Shell Servidor X

Unix Kernel

Outras Aplicações

Unix-kernel

UNIX was trademarked in 1969 by a group of AT&T employees at Bell Labs as a multitasking, and multi-user computer operating system. UNIX can support systems ranging from microcomputers to mainframes, along with various devices. Because UNIX is used for an assort- ment of categories of computers, this is a great advantage. However, it is more expensive than most operating sys- tems, and is very difficult to maintain upgrades. UNIX is widely known for its simplicity and ease while work- ing on the computer, therefore different companies use a spin off of UNIX as their operating system, like Mac OS X. UNIX has just celebrated their 40th anniversary of being a business Unix combines the worldwide single Unix specification with X/open company’s XPG4, IEEE’s POSIX standards and ISO C. Single UNIX Specification defines this product in four parts specification, product, trademark, and technology allowing it to still be success- ful even though it was separated from AT&T and found its own angle. It allowed for one open consensus spec- ification that is the requirement for the UNIX systems. UNIX was one of the first operating systems to be written in a high-level programming language and could possibly be installed on any computer. This high-level program- ming language was also developed by Dennis Ritchie at the Bell Labs, which allows a more flexible language to be used in various applications thus being very beneficial for businesses. It being inexpensive allowed for many people to be a big fan of UNIX and actually many universities use it for that reason. It never really took off in the home computer business but for workstations it tends to be the number one choice. The source language was open so if

anyone got a hold of it they could change it to fit their own needs the best.

• Unix OS

Linux

Tux-linux logo

Linux is an open- source, portable, multi-user (multi- ple users can access system resources like memory/ ram/ application programs at same time), multiprogramming, operating system that was first released by Linus Torvalds in October 1991. It is very similar to other operating sys- tems, such as Windows and OS X [17]and a source is avail- able to the public, to which users can download Linux via the Internet and have the capability to run another op- erating system on their PC or Mac. No other company has done this before. The system has primary three com- ponents: Kernel (the core part of Linux), system library (special functions or programs), and system utility (re- sponsible to do specialized, individual level tasks).Linux is one of the leading operating system on servers, main- frame computers and supercomputers. > Linux is used on a lot of popular electronic devices, such as mobile phones, tablet computers, network routers, facility au- tomation controls, televisions and video game consoles. The system is widely used by local and national govern- ments. The US Navy’s newest warship that is armed with missiles and robot guns is powered by Linux,[18] Spain is using Linux in education, and China uses Linux to achieve technology independence. Collaborators of Linux are continually making improvements to the sys- tem.

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Chrome OS

Google Chrome OS

Chrome OS is an open-source operating system created by Google to create a better computing experience for people who spend most of their time on the web. [19]On June 15, 2011, Chrome OS was launched to the public with the first Chromebooks, notebooks using the Chrome OS, created by Samsung and Acer. Today, Chromebooks are created by a number of other computer companies including HP, Toshiba, Asus, and Dell. The main reason that Chrome OS is different from other operating systems is that it allows for user data and applications to reside in the cloud, taking up less space on the computer hard- ware. Because of this, many Chromebooks only contain the same amount of memory and RAM as the average smartphone, Google, however, supplies each user with one-hundred gigabytes of Google Drive cloud storage for up to two years. There are many things one should consider when purchas- ing a computer. One of the biggest factors one should be aware of is what operating system the computer uses. Different operating systems have different features to suit the user’s needs. If one is looking into a smaller laptop computer, they might consider a Google Chromebook, which uses Chrome OS. It is a good idea to look into the pros and cons of a computer’s operating system before making a purchase. Like all operating systems, Chrome OS has both advantages and disadvantages. One positive feature is that Chrome OS is based on Linux, which is virtually virus free, which means users will be safer from threats. Another great feature is its ability for fast boot times, generally loading in just under ten seconds. It also allows for different users to configure it differently ac- cording to their needs, and saves each person’s data sepa- rately, creating privacy for each user. One of the cons of this operating system is that it does not allow installation of new apps. Users must use web-based apps instead,

Acer AC700-1099 Chromebook 2013-12-22 00-39

which they can get in the Chrome Web store. Another feature that the Chromebook is lacking is a user friendly printing option. In order to print something, one must have a Cloud Print Ready Printer. It lacks the conve- nience to simply plug it in to an existing printer and print, which could become an annoyance. Another feature that may seem inconvenient is that Chromebooks require in- ternet access to do most of its work. Users that have tasks such as editing video or making movies may find that a Chromebook is not for them. It seems there are advan- tages and disadvantages for Chrome OS, and one should take them into consideration when deciding which oper- ating system will suit their needs best.

3.5 Operating Systems for Mobile Phones

There are many different operating systems for mobile phones and devices but most six stand out as being most used. These are Android, Asha, Blackberry, iOS, Win- dows Phone, and Windows RT.

Android

Android is a free and open source operating system pro- vided by Google. Since the release of Android 2.0, the operating system can be used on phones and tablets. Since HTC Dream was introduced, making the number of mobile devices capable of carrying the Android oper- ating system heighten, Android’s worldwide market rose significantly and now reaches 52.5% of the global smarth- phone market share.

3.5. OPERATING SYSTEMS FOR MOBILE PHONES 73

Assorted smartphones.

Asha

Asha is used by Nokia phones. These smartphones are on the lower end when it comes to software and component capability. Because of the low capability, Nokia smart- phones are usually the cheapest which makes them able to compete with higher end smartphones.

Blackberry

Blackberry’s operating system is called BlackBerry 10. This is a closed source operating system for smartphone and tablet devices. The newest operating system de- veloped by Blackberry for tablet devices is BlackBerry Tablet OS. The BlackBerry operating system has all of the same features a smart phone does: email access, web browsing, phone calls, play music and video, and send and receive text messages. Most models are not touch screen, with the exception of the Storm and the Torch. Instead of a touch screen, a trackball or track pad is the hardware used for navigation. Because there is no touch screen, the operating system does not require that much battery life to process so the phone stays on longer than others. [20] The BlackBerry also has multiple buttons (similar to the image on the right) including a BlackBerry button, back button, call and end button, 1 or 2 convenience keys, and a full keyboard. The BlackBerry button is designed for easy integration, such as sharing a photo via email. This sys- tem is geared toward communications rather than games and apps. It features an email software that “pushes” email directly to the user’s phone, which saves battery and provides the most current information. One drawback to this type of smart phone is how limited the customization is. Only the wallpaper and the function of a few buttons can be changed. It also does not feature “widgets” or a wide selection of apps like the android phones do. Over- all this operating system is easy for productivity, but falls behind its competitors in a wide selection of applications.

Star C6000

iOS

iOS is Apple’s operating system for Apple’s iPhone, iPod Touch, iPad and second-generation Apple TVs. This op- erating system is closed source and not until iOS 2.0 were third party applications offically supported. Prior to this update, jailbreaking was the only way to allow third party applications access to a user’s iOS device. As of Septem- ber 2015, iOS is in its 9th iteration. It was introduced at Apple’s product convention in the fall of 2015 in con- junction with the new iPad. iOS is known for a colorful graphics, and an easy to understand user interface. This being said, it was created as an OS for mobile devices, and thus was designed primarily for consuming content as opposed to creating content. As Apple’s new iPad is designed for both consuming and creating content, iOS needed to be upgraded accordingly. The latest version includes the ability to split screen multi task on to appli- cations at the same time, similar to a laptop. In addition, it includes new built application as well as upgrades to exist- ing applications. Apple Maps now includes public trans- portation, and more apps can integrate with the cloud. Siri, a “personal assistant” has also been upgraded to do more tasks, and to integrate with additional apps, such as Pictures. Finally, there are new multi touch gestures built in to the system. These assist the user in typing, editing

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projects, taking notes, emailing and other tasks typically associated with a laptop computer. Generally, iOS 9 is built to create content rather than simply consuming. [21]

IOS 9 Logo

Windows Phone

Windows Phone is developed by Microsoft as a closed source operating system for mobile phones. It allows users to accesss Microsoft SkyDrive, Office, Xbox, and other Microsoft programs remotely. Windows Phone de- vices are made mostly by Nokia, HTC, Samsung, and Huawei. On April 14, 2014, Microsoft released its newest mobile operating system, Phone 8.1. The new operating system contained new features including Cor- tana, a personal assistant similar to Apple’s Siri. The OS also featured upgrades in security, performance, and boot time.

Windows RT

Windows RT is also developed by Microsoft but this is used on tablet devices. This version closely resembles Windows 8, an operating system developed by Microsoft for computers. It is closed source as well.

Symbian OS

There was one OS that used to tower above all the rest, before recently falling completely out of the race thanks to increasingly competitive and more simplistic operating systems. The name of this OS is Symbian, and between 2000-10 it ruled supreme thanks to its partnership with Nokia, a company that excelled in moving large units of inexpensive cellphones. The Symbian company had risen from the ashes of a failing PDA company named Psion,

This was the logo for the now declining empire known as Symbian OS.

changing its focus to mobile OS development with fund- ing from entities such as Motorola and Ericsson, while the largest funding share always came from Nokia. Un- fortunately, between the more complex code (which con- tributed to development periods that were unthinkable in comparison to what Windows and Mac were developing) and Nokia changing their allegiance to Windows, Sym- bian said its final goodbye in mid-2013. Any individuals or companies still attached to the Symbian OS will be of- fered support for a few more years, but they will need to consider their options now instead of waiting for the last minute. Luckily, as can be seen from the plethora of op- tions above, Symbian users can surely pick an OS that is the closest to the quality programming to which they had grown attached.[22]

Mobile Device Systems

Below are three very popular mobile phone/device providers today. They are Windows, Android, and Ap- ple. The three use different operating systems. Windows is full of change. Most people have used Win- dows on their personal computers, but did you know it is also integrated into our GPS systems, ATMs, and even robots? Windows mobile devices include things called tiles which are icons for different things stored in the de- vice itself. Related tiles can be put together in hubs. Win- dows devices also offer integration with windows office software (Word, Excel, PowerPoint, etc.). They also in- clude integration with Xbox Live. [23]

Android: Android was created by a group of 30+ mobile technology companies and is based on the Linux operat- ing system. These devices offer the ability to multitask with a split thing (doing two things on the same screen verses switching between tasks). The screen will contain multiple applications that can be bought and downloaded (some for free) from the Android Market.[24]

iOS (Apple): This system is based on Apple’s Mac OS X. Similar to the apps of the android system, apple prod-

3.6. UTILITY PROGRAMS 75

ucts also contain apps but they are downloaded and pur- chased from the App Store. There are over 900,000 apps currently available. These devices are also synced to your iTunes account allowing you to upload your music to their devices as well. Some things that are specific to these devices are their Safari web browser, FaceTime, and the ability to track your device through the “Find my iPhone” app. [25]

3.6 Utility Programs

1328102004 Defragmentation

In general, the utility program is defined as special soft- ware written to take care of the operating system main- tenance and management to keep the performance of a computer system at the appropriate level. The utility pro- grams could be a part of operating system or a product of third party developers. Whether you want to install pro- grams or move file to a different folder, search for a doc- ument or set the connection to the network, you are using the utility program tools. Another important improve- ment the utilities can help you with is your hard drive performance. Disc check, disc clean up and disc defrag- mentation programs alone with a files compression utility will let you keep your storage organized and reduce the time of the searching, retrieving and displaying informa- tion you requested. The last but not least task the utility programs are being applied for is the operating system and your data protection. The backup and recovery pro- grams let us be sure that we will not lose all data in case of system malfunctions and will be able to return back to re- store point, when the system was working properly, while the antivirus, antispyware and firewalls – utility programs – will protect the computer from data theft.

Folders

File Management Program

They organize files and are available for the user to access them. There are 6 important concepts that the file man- agement programs have. To start off, it has a navigation system that gives the user access to the file hierarchy and be able to find their work. The actions to proceed are us- ing the “up” and “down” to navigate through the folders and “go to” to reach their data. Another function is the operations functions which allow the user to interact with the files. The common functions along with this are as fol- lows: open, save, close, copy, move, delete, rename, new and share. The user would obviously be concern about the security of their files. With this being said, the files can be blocked with a login procedure which will only give people that know the username and password access to the file. To keep your file program organized its nec- essary to maintain the storage on the program in which you should delete any unneeded files. For the conveyance to the user, there is a communications function in which there are links available in order to send out a file to a given location. Lastly, there’s a search function in which you can find a particular file you are looking for.

Search box

Specifically the Search Tool is very useful for the user. Like explain previously, it will find a particular file by simply using the files name. there are programs that will search the data by key words but it seems to be more beneficial to know the username instead of the program searching all the documents for key words, which may lead to a longer search than intended. [26] Also, a file can be searched based on other reasons, including if it is kept in a certain folder, if it has certain characters in its file name, if it has metadata tags, or if it is a specific type of file. If you do not know, a metadata tag includes informa- tion about the file, like its author, artist, or keyword. The

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program being used can set this automatically or it can be manually set to fit your needs. Also, the types of files that can be searched are documents, spreadsheets, videos, or songs. These search tools can be integrated into the op- erating systems that your computer is designed to run, or you can download them off the Internet for free or at a low charge. Some Internet based search tools, called desktop search tools, can find certain Web pages, messages sent over the Internet, or certain e-mails. A few of the web- sites that provide these services are Google, Yahoo!, and Bing. Other search tools that you can download off the In- ternet serve specific purposes, like finding duplicate files on your hard drive. This can come in handy when your computer’s hard drive storage is running high. In con- clusion, the search tool utility program provides you with great accessibility to your files and documents when you don’t have time to spare. [27]

Diagnostic and Disc Management Programs

With technology playing such an important role in our everyday life, it is important to make sure that is it main- taining itself and running properly. Instead of having to go through and check every aspect of the computer our- selves, computers come with built in diagnostic manage- ment program and disc management programs. Diagnos- tic management programs deal with making sure that ev- erything on the system is working the way it should be, while disc management systems programs worry about the hard drive operating correctly. Most computers come with the basics of this software already built in, however some people prefer to go outside of what they already have and purchase more protection and security for their computer. These programs keep your computer running quickly, optimally, and effectively on a daily basis.[28]

Deleting Unneeded Files

Uninstall and Cleanup Utilities

You would think that that once a program or application is deleted, no trace of it would be left behind; however, this is very often not the case. In many instances, traces of that file, program, or application are still left embed- ded into your hard drive. In order to fully get rid of them, people often use something called uninstall utili- ties. These programs go through your hard drive and re- move any unneeded space, memory, or left over remnants from that application that once existed. Many comput- ers come with this option already installed, which makes keeping your computer updated and up to speed an easy task. Clean up utilities are very similar to uninstall util- ities; however, instead of going through and deleting old applications and programs, they go through and clean up your computer by deleting temporary files.[29]

The floppy drive that holds one of the original computer worms released into the Internet

File Compression Programs

File compression programs are designed to reduce the size of files, which allows the user more storage space. For Windows users, these compressed files usually have the .zip or .zipx file extension. The most popular pro- grams are Winrar, Winzip and 7-Zip.[30] For Mac users, these files usually have the .sit or .sitx format. Programs that are commonly used are RAR Expander, StuffIt Ex- pander and MacZip. Some programs have the option of encrypting the zipped files, meaning that a password is required to open the file. This can help those who want

3.7. REVIEW 77

to protect their files for themselves or specific users who are granted access. Overall using file compression pro- grams is an efficient way to free up storage space for other computer tasks. The gzip program is a popular file com- pression program that compresses and decompresses files using Lempel-Ziv coding (LZ77). [31]

Backup and Recovery Utilities

Over time one might experience the unfortunate event of a power outage or some other event that leads to the cor- ruption of important system files. For example a storm can cut the power in an instant, which turns off the com- puter in an unsafe manner thereby leading to the corrup- tion of the operating system and possibly even hardware. The system now is damaged, and this is an important rea- son why backing up is necessary. Businesses understand this, so it is extremely unlikely for a one to not backup its data on a regular basis because the possibility of los- ing just a segment can be catastrophic. The Windows Backup program (Windows) and Time Machine program (Mac) are included with their respective operating sys- tems, but software programs exist that can be used for free or a price.

Antivirus, Antispyware, Firewalls, and Other Secu- rity Programs

Malware consists of viruses, trojans, worms, spyware and other forms that disrupt computer operation. As mentioned, malware can infect computers in many ways, whereas the affected suffers while the infector gains. To protect against these threats, it is highly recommended to take advantage of the utility programs offered by the operating system as well as software programs. Popu- lar antivirus programs for Windows include AVG, Norton 360, McAfee, Kaspersky and Microsoft Security Essen- tials. A firewall is used to monitor network ports by con- trolling inbound and outbound traffic to the network.[32] Its primary purpose is to defend the computer from mal- ware and hackers, but it can also interfere with programs that must access the Internet. It will also not remove malware if it has infected the computer; it only blocks the malware from entering.[33] Spyware is software that tracks personal information unknowningly from the user, which can lead to serious problems.[34] It is important to know the software one is downloading and to understand its license agreement and privacy statement (to see if un- wanted software is included).

3.7 Review

3.7.1 Review: Key Terms

Android: A Linux-based operating system designed for mobile phones and developed by the Open Handset Al- liance, which is a group of companies led by Google. application software: Programs that enable users to per- form specific tasks on a computer, such as writing a letter or playing a game. BlackBerry OS: The operating system designed for BlackBerry devices. command line interface: A user interface that requires the user to communicate instructions to the computer via typed commands. buffer: An area in RAM or on the hard drive designated to hold input and output on their way in and out of the system. device driver: A program that enables an operating sys- tem to communicate with a specific hardware device; of- ten referred to simply as a driver. file compression program: A program that reduces the size of files, typically to be stored or transmitted more efficiently. graphical user interface (GUI): A graphically based in- terface that allows a user to communicate instructions to the computer easily. kernel: The essential portion, or core, of an operating system. Linux: An open source operating system that is available without charge over the Internet and is increasingly being used with mobile devices, personal computers, servers, mainframes, and supercomputers. mobile operating system: A type of operating system used with mobile phones and other mobile devices. server operating system: A type of operating system designed to be installed on a network server. Symbian OS: An operating system historically used with mobile phones, primarily outside North America. system software: Programs, such as the operating sys- tem, that control the operation of a computer and its de- vices, as well as enable application software to run on the computer. utility program: A type of software that performs a spe- cific task, usually related to managing or maintaining a computer system. virtual memory: A memory-management technique that uses hard drive space as additional RAM. Windows: The primary personal computer operating system developed by Microsoft Corporation; the most re- cent version is Windows 7, with Windows 8 expected to be released in 2012. Windows Embedded: A family of operating systems

78 CHAPTER 3. SOFTWARE

based on Windows that is designed for nonpersonal com- puter devices, such as cash registers and consumer elec- tronic devices. Windows Phone: The version of Windows designed for mobile phones; the current version is Windows Phone 7. Windows Server: The version of Windows designed for server use; the current version is Windows Server 2008 R2.

3.7.2 Review Questions

1. A computer’s __________ is a collection of programs that manage and coordinate the activities taking place within the computer and it is the most critical piece of software installed on the computer. 2. _______ refers to the ability of an operating system to have more than one program open at one time. 3. A _______ is an area in RAM or on the hard drive designed to hold input and output on their way in or out of the system. 4. The process of placing items in a buffer so they can be retrieved by the appropriate device when needed is called _______. 5. The older DOS operating system and some ver- sions of the UNIX and Linux operating systems use a __________, although versions of UNIX and Linux are available. 6. Operating systems used with personal computers are typically referred to as __________ and they are designed to be installed on a single computer. 7. There have been many different versions of ________ over the years; the next few sections chronicle the main developments of this operating system. 8._________ is an operating system developed by Linus Torvalds in 1992 when he was a student at the University of Helsinki in Finland. 9. The mobile operating system designed for Apple mo- bile phone and mobile devices, such as the iPhone and the iPod Touch, is _______. 10. Creating a _________ means making a duplicate copy of important files so that when a problem occurs, you can restore those files using the backup copy to avoid data loss.

3.7.3 Answer Key for Review Questions

1.operating system 2.multitasking 3.buffer 4.spooling 5.command line interface 6.personal operating systems 7.windows 8.linux 9.iOS 10.backup

3.7.4 Review Reference

http://coursemate.cengage.com/ CPReader/View/9781133114598/ default.aspx?eISBN=9781133114598# 98bca867-5ebb-4d73-9876-8f6d676ce984

3.8 References [1] http://us.norton.com/

[2] http://ecomputernotes.com/ fundamental/disk-operating-system/ difference-between-application-software-and-system-software

[3] http://www.buzzle.com/articles/ application-software-vs-system-software.html

[4] http://uwf.edu/clemley/cgs1570w/notes/concepts-3.htm

[5] http://www.computerhope.com/os.htm

[6] https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT204681

[7] http://www.ni.com/white-paper/6424/en/

[8] http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/ Unix-and-Internet-Fundamentals-HOWTO/bootup. html

[9] Understanding Computer Today and Tomorrow 14th Edi- tion Comprehensive

[10] http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/b/buffer.htm

[11] http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/definition/DOS

[12] http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/m/msdos.htm

[13] http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/m/msdos.htm

[14] http://windows-operating-system-reviews. toptenreviews.com/a-brief-history-of-the-windows-operating-system. html

[15] http://windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-8/ everywhere?ocid=Everywhere_O_WOL_Hero_Home_ WinEverywhere_Pos1_01

[16] https://www.apple.com/osx/preview/

[17] https://www.linux.com/learn/new-user-guides/ 376-linux-is-everywhere-an-overview-of-the-linux-operating-system

[18] http://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2013/ 10/the-navys-newest-warship-is-powered-by-linux/

[19] http://www.chromium.org/chromium-os

[20] http://www.techradar.com/us/news/ phone-and-communications/mobile-phones/ android-v-blackberry-smartphones-for-business-1136674

[21] http://www.apple.com/ios/whats-new/

[22] http://www.pcworld.com/article/2042071/ the-end-of-symbian-nokia-ships-last-handset-with-the-mobile-os. html

3.10. APPLICATION SOFTWARE BASICS 79

[23] http://www.windowsphone.com/en-us/features? ocid=sem_s_pcrid_30043429957_se_Google_kwd_ windows%20mobile%207%20games_pmt_b

[24] http://www.android.com/about/

[25] http://www.apple.com/iphone/

[26] http://smallbusiness.chron.com/ functions-file-management-program-41476.html

[27] http://www.techrepublic.com/blog/five-apps/ five-fast-windows-desktop-search-utilities/

[28] http://www.krollontrack.com/information-management/ hard-drive-management/

[29] http://support.microsoft.com/kb/2438651

[30] http://download.cnet.com/windows/file-compression/ ?tag=rb_content;main

[31] “Man Page for gzip (freebsd Section 0)". 2001- 05-24. http://www.unix.com/man-page/freebsd/0/gzip/. Retrieved 2015-02-21.

[32] http://www.cat-5-cable-company.com/ faq-what-is-a-Firewall.html

[33] http://www.ehow.com/about_7547911_ purpose-firewall-software.html

[34] http://www.microsoft.com/security/pc-security/ spyware-whatis.aspx

3.9 Application Software

3.10 Application Software Basics

Google Drive Logo

Application software allows you to do anything on the computer, such as playing games, or watching TV. Any- one and everyone using a computer should be familiar with the different applications available to them and how

Commercial Software-Microsoft Office

to properly utilize said programs. For instance one of the most widely used application software is Microsoft Word.[1] Microsoft Word allows you to create, edit, save and print digital documents on your computer. While it is not the only word processor out there, it is the most popular. Others would include WordPerfect,[2] Google drive,[3] and iWork.[4] You could also create spread- sheets through Excel,[5] create a presentation through Keynote,[6] and even edit music though Audacity.[7] All of these will be discussed in greater detail as we move on in this section.

3.10.1 Installed vs. Web-based

Dropbox is a web-based software

There are two different types of application software: in- stalled software and web-based software. Installed soft- ware must first be installed to the computer before it can be used. When you purchase an installed software, the company can either send you a physical copy of the soft- ware, usually in the form of a CD, or you might also have the option of downloading the software from the compa-

80 CHAPTER 3. SOFTWARE

nies webpage. Web-based software is software that re- mains on the internet which you can use at an on-demand basis. Web-based software is also referred to as Software as a Service or Cloudware. Some web-based softwares in- clude Google Docs, Dropbox, Prezi, and many others.[8]

Advantages and Disadvantages

Web-based software has recently become a more pop- ular alternative to installed software, however, it has its advantages and disadvantages. One of the advantages of web-based software is that as long as you have an Inter- net connection, you can access your files. This allows for you to access the same files from many different de- vice including desktops, laptops, tablets, and mobile de- vices. Also, this allows for users to be working on one shared file rather than continuously sending edited files back and forth to each other. With web-based software, only one file exists, so it avoids confusion and even al- lows for multiple users to be working on one file at the same time. Also, instead of having to continuously in- stall software updates, web-based software stays updated online by whatever company owns the software.[9] Some of the disadvantages of software include file size limits. The amount of files as well as the size of each file are de- pendent upon how much cloud storage the application’s company allows on its servers. Many companies such as Google, Apple, and Dropbox, charge monthly or annual fees if users want more storage space. With installed soft- ware, the amount of storage you have is only dependent on how much storage space you have on your computer. If you know that you’re going to use a lot of storage space, it would be better to have an installed software so that you can avoid paying large fees for taking up server space. Another disadvantage to web-based software is slower speeds. Because the applications are being used through the Internet, it takes more time to access the files. Also, users have to deal with logins and security precautions such as creating passwords, linking emails to an account, and answering questions if you forget your password.[10]

3.10.2 Creating Application Software

Thanks to the revolution that is the smartphone, appli- cations have become incredibly popular that there are countless of them out there and the number is still grow- ing. There can potentially be an application for every- thing. However in order for there to be an application for everything, they have to be created first and in order to do so one must learn to code. Depending on the type of application you want to create, you must learn differ- ent types of programming languages. The more compli- cated your applications, from mobile apps to full-on video games, the more complicated the coding. Most mobile applications can be created by one person but more com- plicated programs such as video games are usually created by a team of programmers.

You must learn to code in order to make applicaions

The two most popular software marketplaces as of right now are that of Apple’s App Store and Google’s Play Store. In order to create apps for the App Store, one must have a Mac computer to run the programming tools. One must then pay Apple to sign us as a developer in order to download those tools. The programming language used in those apps is called Objective-C. To create apps for the Play Store, one must have either a Windows, Mac, or Linux computer. The software development kit is free to download and you will need to know the programming language called Java.[11]

3.10.3 Software Ownership

After an application software program is developed, the author has what is called ownership rights. These rights specify exactly how the program can and cannot be used. For example, ownership rights allow the author to decide on whether or not the program can be sold, shared, or distributed. The ownership rights vary depending on the type of software. Types of software include commer- cial, shareware, freeware, and public domain.[12] Com- mercial software is software that is created and then sold for profit. For example, Microsoft Office Suite is com- mercial software. Shareware is another type of software that can make profit, however, shareware is initially free and then requests payment after a certain amount of time. For example, a computer game might have a ten day free trial, but after the trial is over the developer will ask for a payment. This payment would allow the gamer to play the computer game on a regular basis. Freeware is a type of software that is available for no charge by the developer. An example of freeware would be Internet Explorer and most other web browsers. Public domain software is sim- ilar to freeware, but should not be confused. While free- ware is copyrighted, public domain software isn’t. Be- cause public domain software isn’t copyrighted, people are able to copy, modify, and distribute the software.[13]

3.12. WORD PROCESSING 81

The logo for Adobe Creative Suite v6.0, one example of a soft- ware suite.

3.11 Software Suites

A software suite is a group of related programs that in- teract together and are purchased together. The most well-known example is Microsoft Office, which includes Excel (spreadsheets), Word (documents), PowerPoint (slideshow), and Outlook (email). There are two pri- mary benefits of software suites. First, they make it easier for the user to work on multiple related projects at once: someone can, for example, make a spreadsheet in Excel and then bring it into Word, keeping all of the format- ting intact much more easily than if they used an unre- lated spreadsheet program and text editing program. Sec- ond, they save money: purchasing the entire Office suite is much cheaper than purchasing Excel, Word, Power- Point, and Outlook separately. However, a user may not need all of the programs in a given suite, so buying the en- tire suite when only one or two programs are needed is a significant waste of money; a prospective suite consumer should look in detail at which programs are included and make sure they need all of them. If not all of the programs are needed, then it would be more prudent to purchase in- dividually only those programs which are needed.[14]

3.12 Word Processing

Explanation of Word Processing

A word processor is a software program that is used to create a document, store it electronically, display it on a screen, modify it using commands and characters, and print it on a printer. It also processes paragraph inden- tation, margin size, font type, font size, font color, and spacing within the document being created. Word pro-

cessors have replaced typewriters since they allow the user to make a change anywhere in the document without having to retype the entire page. Word processors also come equipped with “spell-check” functions eliminating the need for multiple editors and provide an immediate tool for grammatical correction. Some common word processors include Microsoft Word, AbiWord, Word Per- fect, and Open Office.[15]

• Spell Check

Constructing a Word Processing Script

When constructing a word document there are a few things to keep in mind; character formatting, paragraph formatting, and page formatting. These three basic func- tions lay the foundation for most of the customization that is needed to create many word documents. Character for- matting changes the appearance of individual characters and relates to the size, font, color, and overall style of the letters or numbers being used. Character formatting also involves underlining, italicizing, and making bold those characters being used. This is great for making a word stand out or for underlining book titles. Paragraph for- matting adjusts the spacing, alignment, and indentation of the paragraphs being formed. Spacing refers to the amount of lines left blank in between the lines being pro- cessed. A good example of this is double-spacing which is commonly used in an educational setting where a stu- dent has to write a paper for a specific instructor. Com- monly double-spacing is used so that the instructor can make corrections to the document without having to mark over the actual words on the paper. Alignment refers to the way the paragraph is positioned in regards to the left and right margins. A left alignment is most com- monly used when creating a word document and this set- ting aligns the words being formed to be flush with the left margin. A center alignment is usually used for ti- tling a paper. Page formatting refers to the width of the margins, the size of the paper being used, and the orien- tation of the page. The standard margin is 1.25 inches on both the left and right but these can be customized to suit need and preference. The paper size options reflect what can be used in the printer, and the orientation in- dicates whether the document will use the traditional or landscape positioning on that paper. Traditional orien- tation is 8.5 inches wide by 11 inches tall whereas land- scape is the exact opposite at 11 inches wide by 8.5 inches tall.[16]

• AbiWord Word Processor

Word Processing Tools

• Business ID Template

Some of the basic tools that are employed in word pro- cessing programs that help to make the application more

82 CHAPTER 3. SOFTWARE

user friendly are tables, graphics, and templates. These tools allow for minimal effort and excellent results when adding features like these to a word document. Tables are used for organizing information and are composed of rows and columns in which data is placed. This is great for comparing and contrasting information as it’s condensed and presented in a straight forward fashion. Tables can also be used for laying out entire documents, such as a resume, where information is sectioned off from one another. In this example, the entire report is for- mulated to a table instead of a small section as men- tioned earlier. Graphics are pictures, drawings, clip art, or other images that can be inserted into a document from other programs or from stored data on a computer. This makes for easy illustrations where a picture, or pictures, would suffice better than words or tables to highlight a point. Graphics tools also allow the user to manipulate the images that have been imported by changing the color, contrast, brightness, and size of the image, among other things. The customization process of these images in a word processor provide for an easy and quick avenue of explanation concerning the topics at hand. Another use- ful tool are Templates. These are preprogrammed ar- rangements of ideas and/or illustrations that are known to serve a purpose and are already organized for the user to interact with. Most often this means “filling in the blanks” and some common templates that should be rec- ognized are resumes, business cards, identification cards, fax cover sheets, memos, invoices, and newsletters to name a few.[17]

Microsoft Word 2013 Icon

Along with templates, some documents are required to look differently depending on the use; as a result of this we change the format of our documents. Any change in format in a document is a change in the overall ap- pearance. Examples of formatting documents can range from MLA to APA format, requiring different sized mar- gins, fonts, etc. In order to do this, Word has tabs that

make navigating around your document easy and effi- cient. Word includes a Help Center convenient for users to receive assistance whether it is live online help or of- fline. In this Help Center, tools such as where and how contents are organized are listed in a user-friendly man- ner. While Word processing is simply creating, editing, saving, and printing, the creation and edition are made easy by Word for a variety of end results in the overall appearance of documents. In the time of typewriters, the “carriage return” was used when a line of text needed to move to the next line to continue. With present day Word, this is done automatically and is a process called Word Wrapping.[18] Other tools that Word offers which were not available are the ability to contain various fonts, edit proportions, and spacing is also made more efficient.

3.13 Spreadsheets

3.13.1 What is a Spreadsheet

Poppit Spreadsheet

} “A spreadsheet is a group of values and other data or- ganized into rows and columns similar to the ruled pa- per worksheets traditionally used by bookkeepers and ac- countants.” The spreadsheet software is mandatory to cre- ate computerized spreadsheets. Microsoft Excel is a form of a spreadsheet. There are many terms one must have to know to create a spreadsheet. A worksheet is the sin- gle spreadsheet document. A workbook allows multiple worksheets to be saved together in a single spreadsheet file. Worksheets are divided into rows and columns. The intersection of a row is called a cell. One must enter content into the active cell, or current cell; it has a bor- der around it to make it be easily identified. Data is en- tered directly into worksheet cells by clicking a cell to

3.13. SPREADSHEETS 83

make it the active cell. Labels, constant values, formu- las, and functions are the data that is entered into a cell. Before one enters a formula or function into a cell, one must begin with some type of mathematical symbol, usu- ally the equal sign (=).[19] Spreadsheets are greatly used in businesses. They are used to organize finances, projects, statistics, etc.[20] It is essential to know how to use spread- sheets for school and one’s job.

3.13.2 Tables, Graphics, and Templates

Table-Microsoft Excel

Tables, graphics, and templates are all available to a user with application software, such as Microsoft Word, Mi- crosoft Excel, and PowerPoint. Tables are ways a user can organize data and information at their convenience. According to Microsoft Word, there are now many differ- ent available options for users who are looking for various kinds of tables. These different options include the fol- lowing: the Graphic Grid, Insert Table, Draw Table, in- sert a new or existing Excel Spreadsheet table, and Quick Tables. The concept of using tables for data input is rel- atively simple. In order for a user to insert a table, the user must first open Microsoft Word. Once they have done this, they must click the “table” button to customize the table to achieve their needs. The overall format for a table consists of a large (or small) grid that can be al- tered by the amount of information the user has, ex. four columns five rows. Next, the user must insert the table into the word document by selecting “insert table” from the dropdown menu. [21] Graphics in Microsoft Word are pictures, or clip art that are able to be inserted into a Microsoft Word document, Excel Spreadsheet, Pow- erPoint slide, or any other Office application. Graphics are inserted into these Office Applications to enhance the information presented in a Word Document, Excel worksheet, or PowerPoint slide. A user can insert their own picture through their office documents; add clip art, shapes, SmartArt, screenshot, or Word Art.[22] Templates are pre-constructed document layouts whose primary use is to assist a user in creating a specific type of document in a convenient amount of time. The different options of templates vary, but a few of the following are common ones used every day: agendas, brochures, calendars, fly- ers, fax covers, and many more. Templates are used to save a user time, and confusion in creating their docu- ment. [23]

3.13.3 How to use a Spreadsheet

When using a spreadsheet application, the user can use various concepts to compute the data entered into the cells in the spreadhseet. These different concepts are pro- vided within the program. Some very common concepts that are utilized are charts, functions, formulas, and cell referencing.

Charts

A chart can be created as its own object or embedded within the sheet itself.[24] This is helpful when a user needs to analyze data or represent changing data.

• A chart generated using Excel.

Functions

A function is a pre-programmed mathematical formula to allow the user to make calcuations based on the data input. The functions under spreadsheets are there to per- form a simple calculation by using a certain value, called arguments. If the user wishes to create his own formula, Visual Basic can be used to write a formula and then the spreadsheet program can input the values into the newly written formula, reporting the data back into the sheet.There are many different reasons to have functions on spreadsheets. One would be for arithmetic functions to process numerical data. The next would be statisti- cal functions that use analysis tools and averaging tools. This would be useful for finding the average of the num- bers in a certain row/column on a spreadsheet. The next function is date that processes and converts dates. This function could be used to put the sequential dates in or- der on the spreadsheet. The next function is logic func- tions that process logic data. An example of logic data would be an AND/OR function. If there was something that needed to be marked yes if it is above 5 and marked no if it is below 5 then that would be a logic function. The last one is financial functions that process monetary data. They all must start with an equal sign, the name of the function, parenthesis opening and closing. In the function a comma or semicolon is used as the delimiter, depending on what settings are there in the spreadsheet would depend on which one to use. An example would be =SUM(A1:A4), this function would find the sum in those cells. Some of the most common functions are SUM, AV- ERAGE, IF, COUNT, MAX and MIN.

• A function being editted using VB in Excel.

Formulas

A formula identifies the calculation needed to place the result in the cell it is contained within. This means a cell

84 CHAPTER 3. SOFTWARE

has two display components; the formula itself and the resulting value.[25] Typically, a formula consists of five expressions: value, references, arithmetic operations, re- lation operations, and functions. By using these expres- sions, formulas can help to make tables, solve math prob- lems, calculate a mortgage, figure out accounting tasks, and many other business-related tasks that use to be done tediously on paper.[26]

A formula always starts with an equals sign (=), followed by a constant, a function or a reference, then followed by an operator, and then followed by another constant, func- tion or reference. A constant is a value that never changes; this includes numbers, dates, titles and other text input. References represent a certain cell, such as “A2”. An op- erator is usually a math symbol, such as “+” or “*” which tells the computer how to compute (add or multiply, re- spectively) the given constants or functions given in the formula. It is good to be careful that one knows the differ- ence between a constant and a reference. If the constant “30” is input into cell A3, and the formula says “=30+2”, then if A3’s value changes, the expression of the formula will not change unless the formula itself changes. If one wishes to have a formula that returns the value of a cell, then the formula should read “=A3+2”. Another thing to note is that the operators will follow the basic “rules” of calculation. For example, the formula “=3+2*4” will add 3 to product of 2 and 4, rather than add 3 and 2, then mul- tiply the sum times 4. (Parenthesis can be used to change the order: (3+2)*4 would add first, then multiply.) Oper- ators are not always arithmetic, they can also be compar- ison, text concatenation, and reference operators. Com- parison includes greater than, lesser than, greater than or equal to, and lesser than or equal to. To connect two val- ues into one value, a text concatenation (the “and” sign i.e. “&”) is used. The signs used as reference operators are the following: a colon is used to reference two cells and all the cells between them (i.e. B1:B10); a comma is used to combine multiple references into one reference (i.e. B1:B10,C1:C10); and a space is used as an intersec- tion operator.[27]

• Using a formula in Excel.

• Spreadsheet Graphics

Cell Referencing

Cell referencing refers to the ability to call on other cells. There are two ways of doing this: relative and absolute cell referencing. A relative cell reference will adjust as the formula is copied from another cell white an absolute will not adjust. It is also important to note that a user can reference both the same sheet and other sheets in a book using this concept.

Pivot Tables

One the most powerful features available in the Microsoft Office spreadsheet program Excel, is pivot tables. Pivot tables allow you to manipulate large amounts of raw data.[28] It makes it easy to analyze the data in different ways, with a simple click and drag. Vast quantities of data can be summarized in a variety of ways. Calculations can be performed by row or column. Data can be filtered or sorted automatically by any or all of the fields. Excel can even recommend a basic layout of a pivot table based on the type of data selected. A wizard is available to assist in the creation of the table. An important thing to remem- ber when using pivot tables, is that any time the original data source is modified, the data must be refreshed in the pivot.

Sample Pivot Table

Once the pivot table has been created and the data has been analyzed in a meaningful way, it can then be repre- sented graphically using pivot charts. All the basic chart types available in Excel are available in the pivot chart menu. Much like the pivot tables they are built on, they can also be manipulated with ease. They can be filtered to display only the relevant information form the main data source.

3.14 Database

<gallery> A database is an organized collection of facts and infor- mation such as text and numbers, and often can hold still images, sounds and videos or film clips.[29] It is organizing data in such a way that a computer program can quickly select desired pieces of information. A database can also be referred to as an electronic filing system. For exam- ple, libraries, rather than have a file cabinet, provide ac- cess to academic databases for use in scholarly projects. Regular PC databases are organized by fields, records, tables, and files. A field (column) is a single piece of information like last name, address, phone number, and such. A record (row) is a one complete set of fields. A table is a collection of records. Lastly, a file is a collec- tion of related tables.[30] A database file is created first, then tables that can be created in either datasheet or de- sign view.[31] There are different kinds of databases, such as active, cloud, deductive, distributed, graph, hypertext,

3.14. DATABASE 85

etc. For example, in hypertext database, any object can be linked to another object; this is useful for organiz- ing a lot of information. A DBMS is database manage- ment software that allows the definition, creation, query- ing, update, and administration of databases.[32] Com- mon database management software is Microsoft Access. Since many databases store confidential and important in- formation, they require passwords and other security fea- tures in order to access the information.[33]

Queries and Reports

Query

Queries and reports are used to retrieve information from databases.[34] A query is almost like a search tool for the user of the database to find specific information like an item, number, name, etc. Like other documents made, a query has to be made and saved as well, for users to be able to come back and search it again. A query con- tains criteria that must be met for a record or row to be shown in the ending results of the specific query. Queries can also be made to show multiple columns or rows at a single time, instead of just one row or column. For ex- ample, a customer insists to buy a set of glasses for under $20 at Crate and Barrel.[35] The employee can then in- quire “glasses under $20” and be able to tell the customer which kind to specifically look at. A report is used when acquiring a formal output. This can be a company logo or graphic with a page column heading. These can be cre- ated with the “Report Wizard button” on the “Create tab” from the Ribbon. Reports are mostly used with database tables or queries. Databases can be used more efficiently for customers shopping via the Internet. Today, online shopping is the newest sensation. For example, a spe- cific dress can be found on Lord and Taylor’s [36] website for women, prior to going to the store by typing in the search bar. Examples of popular databases used are Mi- crosoft SQL Server, Microsoft Access, Oracle, MySQL,

and IBM DB2.[37]

Microsoft Access 2013 logo

Deciding Which Database to Use

How does one know which kind of database to use? To someone not familiar with this kind of thing, it could be a situation where one does not even know where to begin. Something one must first consider is what they will be us- ing the database for. Database Managing Systems can be broken up into two categories; server databases or desk- top databases. Desktop databases are typically geared to- ward a single user, whereas server databases must accom- modate multi-users and large amounts of data. Some fa- miliar types of Desktop DB are Microsoft Access, Fox Pro, File Manager, or Paradox. Desktop DB’s are fit for storing less complex data and are less expensive then server DB’s, typically around one hundred dollars. They are also very user friendly and have web functionality that allows the user to publish data on the web. Server databases on the other hand are equipped to store and manage much larger amounts of data and allow for many users to have access to that data at the same time. Some popular Server DB’s are Microsoft SQL, Oracle or IBM DB2. Due to their complex functionality, these data bases are much more expensive, ranging in the thousands and up. Server DB’s are equipped with Application Program- mer Interfaces (API’s) that allow for custom program- ming and applications. They are extremely powerful, be- ing able to accommodate cluster servers and multiple high speed processors. They are also able to adapt well to the constant addition of users and data. After evaluat- ing these two types of databases, one should have a better idea of which one will best suit their needs.[38]

86 CHAPTER 3. SOFTWARE

DB2 Client Connections

Database protection

The database is one of the most essential parts of a busi- ness process. The ability to access and to operate data is a necessary condition for the running company. Permanent data loss puts the business in serious danger. According to some researchers, about a half of the companies af- fected by disasters and major loss of corporate data, have not been able to continue their activities. There are few most common reasons for database destruction: equip- ment failures, physical impact on the hardware of the database, errors of authorized users, database or operat- ing system bugs and errors in application programs, inten- tional acts unauthorized users or programs. The primary protection tools such the user’s identification, the granting of different rights of access to database objects e.g. read- ing, adding, deleting, and changing along with data and programs encryption can provide the acceptable security level. Note, that the security model, based on the basic mechanisms of authorization and authentication does not solve problems such as stolen user IDs and passwords or malicious actions of some users with the authority. [39]

3.15 Presentation Graphics

Intro to Presentation Software

Everyone has different styles of learning. There are some students who retain information better when they can be hands-on, while others can hear a lecture from their teacher one time and remember all the important points without having to open their school book once. No matter your learning style, there is one type of software that has been proven, time and again, to be a great method of shar- ing lots of key information in an organized and relatively entertaining fashion. The successful software in question is presentation software.[40] Presentation software allows the user to create multiple slides which they can piece to- gether into a slide-show. It is a great way to organize and refine large amounts of information into only the most important parts because each slide has limited space and you typically are limited in time when responsible for a

Just because the phrasing is corny doesn't make the message any less true!

U.S. Navy uses presentation graphics to educate

presentation. Whether you're presenting information to a classroom or a business meeting, the method of organiz- ing information in a fluid manner remains the same. To add entertainment value, there are many variables within each example of software that can be manipulated, from text size and color to slide transitions. The expert pre- sentation software users can even dare to add photos and music to their presentations. Two of the most widely used examples of presentation software today are: Microsoft Powerpoint and Prezi. Presentation graphics is a type of software that allows users to create stylized audio and visual aids (sound ef- fects, animation, etc.) typically for slideshows, reports, and public informational speeches. It incorporates tools for inserting various types of drawings, text and back- ground schemes in a wide variety of fonts, colors, and patterns. Most systems can also import specific data from a spreadsheet application to generate customized charts and graphs. Presentation programs can be divided into two categories -- business graphics software and general multimedia authoring tools. Though some products are blended, the layout of business presentation software em- phasizes fast learning and ease of use, while multime- dia software offers a more sophisticated presentation that will likely require a higher level of technological under- standing. Popular presentation software, such as Mi-

3.15. PRESENTATION GRAPHICS 87

A chart of the 2002 Iranian Economy using Apple Keynote

crosoft’s Powerpoint or Apple’s Keynote, may be pur- chased independently or as part of an office suite. Uni- versally compatible products include Adobe Persuasion, Corel Presentations, Harvard Graphics, and Lotus Free- lance Graphics. Free products include Google Slides, Prezi, PowToon, and Academic Presenter. All function similarly and provide nearly identical capabilities. Upon completion, the file(s) are usually saved to a computer, external storage device, or the cloud. During a presen- tation, users are able to view miniature images of slides on a device’s screen, and edit or direct their layout as they are simultaneously projected onto a larger screen or LCD projection panel for others to view. [41]

3.15.1 Powerpoint

US Navy 040605-N-6633C-002 Commander Naval Reserve Force, Vice Adm. John G. Cotton, is silhouetted in front of a Powerpoint slide mapping out the Naval Reserve Force’s future

Powerpoint is a Microsoft Office software used to present information and work as a visual aide. Certain options make it easy to organize and present information in a visually appealing way. Charts, pictures, tables, video

clips, and sounds can all be added to the presentation. Designs and color themes come ready to use so the pre- senter just has to add the information and it is ready to go! The slides themselves come with several options of pre-loaded layouts, using features such as bullet points, pictures, captions, and titles. They are easy to drag and drop to make rearranging very easy.[42] The whole idea of a digital visual is, in concept, more beneficial to the presenters and the audience to avoid copies of handouts. One feature that comes in handy, however, is the ability to print the slides so either the presenter or audience can be informed ahead of time of what to expect. Slides can change with a simple click of a button. However, pre- senters can often lose eye contact from the audience and begin reading straight from the slides, instead of using it as a guide. Teachers, employers, and computer users all over the world have now become accustomed to using PowerPoint as their “go-to” visual aide. The image on the right shows a presenter using a powerpoint as a visual aide.

A PowerPoint Presentation slideshow is projected on a large screen for the audience.

The PowerPoint presentation graphics program provides the user with several assortment tools and operations for creating and editing slides. With those tools, one is able to add new or delete old slides that are previewed in the slide thumbnail tab area, usually found on the left side of the screen. One is also able to switch to the slide out- line tab, which contains only the title and the main text included in the slide. If desired, using the Insert tab, the user can perform additional operations like exporting im- ages, along with adding formatted tables, shapes, sym- bols, charts, and much more to better express their mes- sage. Additionally, to customize the PowerPoint to make it even more dynamic and presentable, text can be ani- mated, and a unique transition can be added to the slides. With animation, text can be set to appear in a specific way in the slide during a slide show. Tons of special effects are provided for the user, including animations to make the text to fly, dissolve, fly, float, or bounce in. Simi- larly, one is also able to apply special effects to specific slides to transition from one slide to another in a spe-

88 CHAPTER 3. SOFTWARE

cific manner. Additionally, Microsoft PowerPoint allows recorded narration to be played back as the slideshow is being presented, along with speaker notes. Furthermore, most presentation graphics programs also allow the user to print those speaker notes for the targeted audience’s convenience. [43]

3.15.2 Inside Scoop on New Presentation Software

Sample Prezi

There are hundreds of ways we present information on a daily basis. Whether it be through verbal speech, body language, pamphlets, posters, commercials, flyers, power points, etc. we are constantly presenting information and being presented to. Technologically, there are still many ways to present information to an audience. The cool thing is, you do not just have to use things like Power- Point and Microsoft Word. You do not even have to use products that cost money. There are several new and in- novative free ways to present that will surely grab the at- tention of your audience. Prezi is one of those free presentation methods. It is In- ternet based, and similar to PowerPoint. However, it is much more user friendly, as well as interactive. Power- Point seems to have a set order you have to follow. It goes slide to slide in a single order. With Prezi, if you decide you want to go in a different order or go back to something 6 slides back you simply zoom out a little and click the slide you wanted to return to. Prezi slides are set in a “path” and as you present, the presentation will zoom in and out of each slide which are all present on one master screen. This is much different from Power- Point’s single slide screens. Prezi has the ability to inte- grate many different forms of information into your pre- sentation. You can upload YouTube videos, PDFs, Excel spreadsheets, photos, music, and voice overs. You can also time your slides and have them move to the next one automatically like in PowerPoint. However, these things are input through a much simpler process. Instead of all the clicks you have to do in PowerPoint to insert things such as a YouTube video, Prezi has a button labeled “In- sert YouTube video” and once you click it, it asks for the video URL. After you enter that, it automatically uploads

it to your presentation. There you can resize it and place it wherever you would like. The ability to see where one idea came from and how it is physically moving to the next idea makes Prezi a much more innovative presen- tation method. It can be used for entertainment, educa- tional work, teaching, and even in the business world. It comes with many templates as well at the ability to create your own presentation from scratch. Prezi also offers many interesting things PowerPoint does not: it has the ability to share the presentation via email, collaborate on a presentation with multiple people, give several people access to the editing of a single presenta- tion, and a free mobile app. The app is free and allows you to present, create, and edit presentations on the go with or without Internet. It is a very useful program and definitely something to check out! [44]

3.16 Graphics and Multimedia

Paintshop

Graphic Software

CorelDRAW Graphics Suite X6 Logo

Graphic software has a variety of application programs and has a wide range of different uses. To further ex- plain, there are programs like presentation programs that can create power points and graphics software uses photo editing programs that are used to manipulate pixels from images from pictures. A useful program would be Adobe Paint Shop, which can be used to edit, change and al- ter pictures however you would like them to be. Another category for creating images would be vector based im- ages. This is where a bit-mapped image created by a dig- ital camera is able to be altered and the images are able to

3.16. GRAPHICS AND MULTIMEDIA 89

re-scale to any size with no loss of detail. Also, each ob- ject in a given picture can be layered over another. This allows someone to take out one specific object if they do not like how it overlaps or covers another object in the picture. Graphs, tables, diagrams, charts, or images usu- ally present the information on a drawing program. This makes drawing programs most appealing to small busi- nesses trying to advertise their product to a wider vari- ety by creating business cards, stylish logos, and more. Also, marketing professionals use drawing programs to create intriguing Web pages, corporate images, and other business related necessities. Also, drawing programs are used by architects, shipbuilders, aerospace engineers, home-designers, prosthetic engineers, landscapers, and construction managers because of the scale-to-size and fixed-point accuracy of the program. Other common fea- tures of a drawing software program are batch conver- sion, text-to-speech conversion, auto-indexing, layout re- tention, and the ability to print. Newer programs that are being created come with unique features like TWAIN, which can be used by a Macintosh to allow image hard- ware devices to communicate with image processing soft- ware. Popular drawing program software in use today is computer-aided design (CAD), computer-aided man- ufacturing (CAM), Adobe Illustrator, CorelDRAW, MS Paint, and GNU image manipulation program (GIMP). All of these types of software can be used by the public or by businesses.[45] As well as the programs, the graph- ics side of them is able to create images in 3-D modeling, as well as create animations which can be made through Photoshop.

PROTIP: Headphones are useful when listening to sound.

In able to add video or audio there is programs with mul- timedia content which the software is able to play and editing audio and video along with any editing. Over- all, graphic software is really useful for personal, busi- ness and education purposes, whether it’s for creating a college or providing information with addition affect for the audience.[46]

Audio Capture and Editing Software

Audio capture and audio editing software is used to cre- ate and edit audio files. There are many different pro- grams associated with these two types of programs. Some programs are designed to extract audio from CDs (rip- ping software) while others capture sound through input devices like a microphone (sound recording software). Some programs are able to record sound and also edit that sound, or it can open a certain type of sound file, which enables the user to edit any piece in various ways. The ex- tent to which the user can edit the sound depends on the complexity of the software. One program can only allow very basic functions like cutting and pasting while another can add effects and modify every bit of the wavelength. This is an example of the distinction found between free programs and others deemed professional. However that is not to say that just because a program is free it must be of a lower quality. Audacity is a free, and very popular, program that includes both audio capturing and editing elements.[47]

One professional audio editing program that does cost money is Pro Tools, created by Avid Technology.[48] This software works similar to a multi-track recorded and mixer, but has a wide array of digital features. One such feature that is commonly used in the software is MIDI, which stands for Musical Instrument Digital Interface.[49] A MIDI device can link up to sixteen channels of infor- mation that allows electronic instruments and computers to communicate with each other. Through MIDI input, digital sounds and samples can be inputted into Pro Tools and can then be mixed and edited to the desired output.

Video Editing and DVD Authoring Software

The widespread availability of digital cameras and now phones with built-in camera devices combined with the massive popularity of sites like YouTube has led many to use video editing programs. These programs enable the user to modify their clips extensively, and like audio capture and editing software there are both consumer and professional offerings. DVD authoring is a process that many video editing programs include. More specifically it oversees the layout of the DVD: what clips will be used and how they will be played along with customization of the menu. After authoring the DVD via the program the user must burn it to an actual DVD for playback. This can be done using utilities included by Windows or Mac or by dedicated software. For large and expensive projects, editors need advanced software that has a multitude of features and can handle the scale of such projects. One professional video editing program is Final Cut Pro, created by Apple. This soft- ware has advanced tools and capabilities to edit and cre- ate videos and clips. The most recent version, Final Cut Pro X, has new features that make video editing easier and more efficient such as a new dynamic editing inter-

90 CHAPTER 3. SOFTWARE

Final Cut Pro X

face, new multichannel audio editing capabilities, more precise inline clipping tools, and a streamlined interface that helps to keep media organized. Professionals can use this software to create complex movies ready for the big screen.[50]

A Media Player

A standard film-editing program on Mac is iMovie. It is a standard free program, tailored toward light editing for simple movies. Apple markets it as an editing program for home movies [51]. It is a simple ti use system, in in- corporates file from the Internet, iTunes, iPhoto, garage band, and other online and Mac programs. While it is not at advanced as Final Cut Pro, it does do a good job editing movies. Mac has also added and iOS compatible version of the program for use on its mobile devices. This ver- sion is compatible with both the iPads, and iPhone prod- uct lines. However, iMovie’s capabilities are limited, as mobile devices lack the memory and processing power for extend editing of projects. Another feature built into iMovie is the ability to share directly to Internet websites. These include Facebook, twitter, and YouTube. In addi- tion, there is a quick feature for emailing movies. Once edited movies are formatted and finalized, Apple runs its own video player known as QuickTime. This is a stan- dard program, similar to Windows Media Player, and is compatible with both Macs and PC’s. Film editors like QuickTime as it is more reliable and has fewer bugs that Media Player, and it is less likely to corrupt video files. [[File:QuickTime 7 Icon.png|thumb|QuickTime 7 Icon]

Media Players

Living in the technologically advanced country that we do now, it is relatively understandable to say that, at some point or another in our life, we have all heard some form of music or audio played off of an electronic device. To- day, for most of us, these devises are things such as CDs, radios, iPods, phones, DVDs, and many more. These are all things that would be considered media players. They were designed with the purpose of playing audio or videos in mind. Today, many of these players are free and are programs that most of us have probably used at some point or another (such as iTunes or Windows Media Player). One thing it is important to keep in mind when using these is that although illegally downloading things may be easy, it definitely does not make it right. It is es- sential that we all keep the copyright laws in mind when downloading any type of audio or video.[52]

Graphics on a Webpage

Graphics, Multimedia, and the Web

Today, it is rare to find a company that does not use some form of multimedia or graphics on their businesses web page. This is just one example of how important multi- media and graphics have become to the World Wide Web. Open up you browser and instantaneously you’ll see some from of graphics spread across that front page. Whether it’s a banner, GIF, logo, demonstration, or picture, I can pretty much guarantee you that it’s there. These graph- ics are nice because they easily add color and animation to the page, and make being there just a little bit more interesting for the user.[53]

Other Types Of Application Software

There are many types of application softwares. Every type of application software is made to serve a func- tion or to help, for example software for business’ or ed- ucation. Desktop publishing refers to using a personal

3.17. REVIEW 91

Microsoft OneNote

computer to manipulate text and images to create attrac- tive documents as if they were created by a professional printer. Similar to this, personal publishing softwares are used to create documents for personal use, such as invi- tations, flyers, or calendars. Very common types of ap- plication software include education and entertainment. Entertainment software includes games, simulations, and other programs that provide amusement. Educational software can be found on personal computers, but a pop- ular trend is to combine the hardware and software into a single product. For example, Leapfrog is well-known for their child look-alike laptops used for teaching.[54] Software such as OneNote and Notebook are examples of note taking software. These softwares are generally used by students and businesspeople to take notes during lec- tures or meetings. Because of this, note taking software normally supports typed and handwritten input. Engi- neers and architects make use of design software such as CAD(computer-aided design). CAD plays an impor- tant role in the design of finished products and other fields such as art, advertising, or law.

3.17 Review

3.17.1 Key Terms

Application Software Software designed to carry out specific tasks [55]

Shareware Copyrighted software that is distributed on the honor system; consumers should either pay for it or uninstall it after the trial period for ethicality [56]

Freeware Copyrighted software that may be used free of charge [57]

Public Domain Software Software that is not copy- righted and may be used without restriction [58]

Open Source Software Software programs made up of source code which is made available to the public. i.e. Wikibook [59]

Web-Based Software Software that is delivered on de- mand via the Web; also referred to as Software as Service (SaaS) or cloudware.

Word Processing Using a computer and word pro- cessing software to create, edit, save, and print written documents, such as letters, contracts, and manuscripts [60]

Spreadsheet A document containing a group of values and other data organized into rows and columns; also called a worksheet in a spreadsheet program [61]

Database A collection of related data that is stored in a manner enabling information to be retrieved as needed; a collection of related tables [62]

Presentation graphics An image, such as a graph or drawn object, designed to visually enhance a pre- sentation

Graphics Software Application software used to create or modify images

Ribbon One of the features found in the recent Mi- crosoft Office applications that uses tabs to organize groups of related commands [63]

3.17.2 Accessibility Software

Visual Aid Software

There is software that enables a user to access software even if they have a disability of some type. The same software can simply allow a user to access programs on their computer without visual interferences. An example of this would be f.lux. F.lux is a program that removes the blue tint from a users screen in order to prevent headaches and the light interfering with circadian sleep rhythms [64]. These applications are particularly useful when reading or writing word documents in a dark room.

3.17.3 Review Questions

1. A _____ is a collection of worksheets saved in a single spreadsheet file. 2. A _____ is a collection of related data that is stored in a manner enabling information to be retrieved as needed.

92 CHAPTER 3. SOFTWARE

3. With a(n) _____ program, the source code for the pro- gram is made available to the public and so can be mod- ified by others. 4. True or False. Changing the font size in a document is an example of a formatting operation. 5. A _____ is a collection of related fields in a database. Also called a row. 6. Software that is not copyrighted and may be used with- out restriction is _____. 7. True or False. Software can be installed on both per- sonal computers and servers. 8. The location at the intersection of a row and column

on a worksheet into which data can be typed is a _____. 9. True or False. Microsoft Office is one example of a software suite. 10. Copyrighted software that is distributed on the honor system; consumer should either pay for it or uninstall it after the trial period is _____. Answers 1. Workbook 2. Database 3. Open Source 4. True 5. Record 6. Public Domain Software 7. True 8. Cell 9. True 10. Shareware

3.18 References [1] http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/word/

[2] http://www.corel.com/corel/pages/index.jsp?pgid= 12100162&storeKey=us&languageCode=en

[3] https://drive.google.com

[4] http://www.apple.com/iwork/

[5] http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/excel/

[6] http://www.apple.com/iwork/keynote/

[7] http://audacity.sourceforge.net/

[8] https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/The_Computer_ Revolution/Software/Installed_vs.Web-Based_Software

[9] http://www.iplanner.net/business-financial/online/ how-to-articles.aspx?article_id=software-web-based

[10] http://stackoverflow.com/questions/111985/ what-are-the-cons-of-a-web-based-application

[11] http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/18/business/ what-it-takes-to-be-an-app-developer.html

[12] Understanding Computers 14th Edition by Deborah Mor- ley

[13] http://www.smhllaw.com/articles/?p=319

[14] http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-software-suites.htm

[15] http://www.techterms.com/definition/wordprocessor

[16] http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~{}lrm22/technology/wpbasics/ wpbasics.htm

[17] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_(word_ processing)

[18] http://www.aauwnc.org/04-05/convention/workshops/ tech/typewriter.pdf

[19] http://ng.cengage.com/static/nb/ui/index.html?nbId= 7345&nbNodeId=1013914#!&parentId=1013929

[20] http://www.theiia.org/intAuditor/ itaudit/archives/2006/january/ the-role-of-spreadsheets-in-todays-corporate-climate/

3.18. REFERENCES 93

[21] http://www.pcworld.com/article/2459947/ how-to-create-and-customize-tables-in-microsoft-word. html

[22] http://www.quepublishing.com/articles/article.aspx?p= 1649256

[23] http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/templates/

[24] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spreadsheet#Functions

[25] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spreadsheet#Functions

[26] http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/ overview-of-formulas-HA102748997.aspx

[27] http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/ overview-of-formulas-HA102748997.aspx

[28] https://support.office.com/en-MY/Article/ Create-a-PivotTable-to-analyze-worksheet-data-a9a84538-bfe9-40a9-a8e9-f99134456576

[29] http://www2.uncp.edu/home/acurtis/Courses/ ResourcesForCourses/Databases.html

[30] http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/D/database.html

[31] http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/access-help/ create-tables-for-a-new-database-RZ101772997. aspx?section=3

[32] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database

[33] http://www.tech-faq.com/what-is-a-database.html

[34] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Query

[35] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crate_%26_Barrel

[36] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_%26_Taylor

[37] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database

[38] http://databases.about.com/od/administration/a/ choosing_a_db.htm

[39] http://www.zdnet.com/article/ the-top-ten-most-common-database-security-vulnerabilities/

[40] http://www.jiscdigitalmedia.ac.uk/guide/ pedagogical-uses-of-presentation-software

[41] http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/ presentation-software-presentation-graphics

[42] https://www.boundless.com/communications/ preparing-and-using-visual-aids/ using-powerpoint-and-alternatives-successfully/ advantages-and-disadvantages-of-powerpoint/

[43] http://presentationsoft.about.com/od/ powerpointtipsandfaqs/f/ppt_overview.htm

[44] https://prezi.zendesk.com/forums

[45] http://www.globalspec.com/learnmore/industrial_ engineering_software/imaging_graphics_software/ drawing_software

[46] http://www.explainingcomputers.com/software.html

[47] http://audacity.sourceforge.net/

[48] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Tools

[49] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIDI

[50] https://www.apple.com/final-cut-pro/what-is/

[51] http://www.apple.com/mac/imovie/

[52] http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/m/mediplay.htm

[53] http://www.billiondollargraphics.com/web.html

[54] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_software

[55] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_software

[56] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shareware

[57] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeware

[58] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain_software

[59] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_software

[60] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_processing

[61] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spreadsheet

[62] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database

[63] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribbon_(computing)

[64] Exposure to Room Light before Bedtime Suppresses Melatonin Onset and Shortens Melatonin Duration in Hu- mans