extra

martha04

Chapter3LectureSlidescomplete.pdf

Home >Psychology homework help >extra

1/15/2022

Chapter 3 EAB 3002

Reflexive Behavior and Respondent Conditioning

DR. TARA LOUGHREY, BCBA-D

Topics Covered in Chapter 3 1. Review what is a reflex?

2. Review Phylogenic versus Ontogenic Origins of Behavior

3. Fixed Action Patterns, Modal Action Patterns and Reaction Chains

4. Sexual Selection

5. Habituation, Adaptation, Potentiation, and Sensitization

6. Respondent Conditioning

7. Respondent learning related to extinction, spontaneous recovery, discrimination and generalization

8. Primary Laws of Reflexes

9. Drug tolerance and withdrawal

10. Higher Order Conditioning

11. Conditioning and Immunosuppression/Placebo Effect

12. Rescorla-Wagner Model

ASR 23

Genetic determinants are also referred to as factors. Current and past environmental events (i.e., experiential history) are also known as factors.

1. Phylogenic, Ontogenic

2. Operant, Learned

3. Cultural, Ontogenic

4. Respondent, Operant

1/15/2022

ASR 24

Digesting food is behavior determined by factors while chewing food (masticating) is determined by factors.

1. Ontogenic, Phylogenic

2. Phylogenic, Ontogenic

3. Operant, Respondent

4. Cultural, Ontogenic

Fixed Action Pattern •A relatively rigid sequence of responses that once initiated, will continue despite any effects on the environment

•Occurs in male and female species of animal kingdom

•Phylogenic origin of behavior

Ex1. Spider weaving web

Ex2. Mating dances of many bird species

Ex3. Nest making of many species

Modal Action Pattern (MAP) •Term recognizes unique variations of rigid sequences of behavior due to environmental (ontogenic) influences on behavior that is shared by all members of species

•EX: yawning • Variation in duration, frequency and topography

• In wake hours, yawning often accompanied by stretching

1/15/2022

Reaction Chains •Organism’s behavior produces stimulus change that triggers next response in the chain

Ex1: mating dance of stickleback -Presence of female will trigger the zigzag dance

-If female arches her back revealing a swollen abdomen of eggs, male fish will swim towards a constructed nest

-Female follows triggers male fish to nibble base of tail of female fish and initiate egg laying

-Depositing of eggs in nest triggers male to enter nest and fertilize eggs completing chain

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uikKXWWpjkU

Sexual Selection •Ensures that genes related to successful reproduction are more likely to be present in offspring and future generations through female choice and male competition

•Ex1: Size of male crabs claw

•Ex2: Size of male hummingbird tale

•https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=184dRcLClQ0

Reflex - Review The term reflex refers to a relationship between:

◦ A stimulus + an innate, involuntary response

In a reflex, the stimulus elicits the reflex response

We use the term elicit to indicate that the stimulus will produce the response EVERY TIME ◦ Elicit is ONLY used to describe respondent behavior

◦ Evoke is ONLY used to describe operant behavior

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uikKXWWpjkU

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=184dRcLClQ0

1/15/2022

Unconditioned Reflex Relation

Stimulus – Response

Unconditioned Stimulus

Unconditioned Response

Elicits Without Learning

Unconditioned Reflex Response

•Critical attributes of unconditioned reflex responses are;

1. Species specific: shared by all members of a species

2. Innate, phylogenic origin: most likely serve an adaptive function for survival

3. Stereotypic: each occurrence of the response is pretty much the same in strength, form, and time in development

4. Involuntary:

• Mediated by the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

• Bypasses central cortex

5. Invariant in time of appearance during development

Reflex Responses Variant attributes of an unconditioned reflex response are; 1. Time of appearance

• Most appear in infancy, some reflexes appear later in life

2. Retention of the reflex response

• Most are present throughout entire lifetime, others disappear after infancy (e.g., Moro reflex)

3. Tissue type:

• Executed mostly by the smooth muscles & glands

• Some exceptions that involve striated (skeletal muscle such as patellar reflex) and cardiac muscles (i.e., heart beating)

1/15/2022

Unconditioned Stimuli Critical Attributes:

1. Environmental change

2. It is the stimulus in an unconditioned reflex.

3.It must elicit an unconditioned response

(UR) without prior learning.

ASR The puff of air elicits an eye blink is a(n):

1. unconditioned stimulus

2. unconditioned response

3. conditioned stimulus

4. conditioned response

5. operant behavior

ASR Carol sees the sign for Panera bread, starts to salivate and then exits the highway. Exiting the

highway is an example of;

1. unconditioned stimulus

2. unconditioned response

3. conditioned stimulus

4. conditioned response

5. operant behavior

1/15/2022

ASR Which of the following is NOT one of the primary laws of the reflex?

1. Law of the threshold

2. Law of attenuation

3. Law of intensity-magnitude

4. Law of latency

Law of the Threshold •Weak intensities of a stimulus will not elicit a response

•As intensity of eliciting stimulus increases, there is a point in which responses will be elicited

•Uncertainty region represents intensity region where 50% of stimuli presented produce a response = threshold

Law of Intensity-magnitude •Relationship between intensity of stimulus and size or magnitude of elicited response

•As intensity of US increases, magnitude of UR increases to a certain point

1/15/2022

ASR As intensity of US increases, time for the UR to appear decreases. This statement describes this law.

1. Law of the threshold

2. Law of intensity

3. Law of latency

Habituation

Reduction in the strength of reflex response due to repeated exposure to the stimulus that elicits the response

Adaptation

Reduction in the frequency or magnitude of a response or a set of responses as a result of prolonged exposure to a stimulus or an environmental context.

1/15/2022

Sensitization Tendency of another stimulus to elicit a reflex response following the elicitation of that same response by a different stimulus

Potentiation

Temporary increase in some dimension or intensity of a reflex response due to repeated presentations of an eliciting stimulus.

Most likely to be produced by an aversive antecedent stimulus.

Opposite of habituation.

1/15/2022

Potentiation Sensitization

• Only one stimulus • Same stimulus

presented repeatedly

• Two different stimuli

ASR Liz is watching the TV show, the Walking Dead and sees a Zombie jump out at Rick triggering a startle response. A few minutes later her cat rubs the back of her legs, eliciting a large startle response. This exemplifies:

1. Habituation

2. Sensitization

3. Potentiation

4. Adaptation

ASR Mary is in an abusive relationship with her boyfriend as whenever he drinks, he gets violent. The sight of seeing her boyfriend consume liquor causes Mary’s heart rate to increase and she begins to sweat profusely. Each time he takes another shot, she feels more and more panicked. This exemplifies;

1. Habituation

2. Sensitization

3. Potentiation

4. Adaptation

1/15/2022

ASR •Mary decides to run away and go to a women’s shelter. The shelter has a firm curfew and wake time. Mary, who typically works nights, adjusts her sleep schedule and eventually begins to fall asleep earlier. This exemplifies;

1. Habituation

2. Sensitization

3. Potentiation

4. Adaptation

ASR Jane moves from a small town to a big city. During her first few nights asleep, she is startled by the sound of fire trucks and ambulances in the city. But after several nights sleeping in the city, the startle response diminishes. This exemplifies:

1. Habituation

2. Sensitization

3. Potentiation

4. Adaptation

ASR Chris almost gets hit by a black Mercedes while biking in South Beach, Miami. This caused rapid heart rate, perspiring, and rapid breathing. When crossing the street later that day, he sees a black BMW and has an "anxiety attack." This is due to:

1. Habituation

2. Sensitization

3. Potentiation

4. Adaptation

1/15/2022

Two types of Reflexes

1. Unconditioned reflex

(innate, unlearned)

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

Unconditioned response (UR)

2. Conditioned reflex

(learned through history of pairing)

Conditioned stimulus

(CS)

Conditioned response (CR)

Elicits

Breakdown of Respondent Bx

Stimulus – Response

Unconditioned OR

Conditioned

Unconditioned OR

Conditioned

Without Learning

With Learning

Conditioned Reflexes Critical attributes;

1. Simple relation between a stimulus and a response.

2. Response is elicited by a stimulus.

3. Must be an unconditioned reflex out of which it develops

4. CR is stereotypic-highly invariant in form.

5. CR is highly similar or identical to the UR.

6. Learned through contingent pairing.

1/15/2022

ASR An increase in heart rate, in response to seeing a dog is a(n):

1. unconditioned stimulus

2. unconditioned response

3. conditioned stimulus

4. conditioned response

5. operant behavior

ASR

Carol sees the exit sign on the highway for Panera bread and starts to salivate. The sign is a(n):

1. unconditioned stimulus

2. unconditioned response

3. conditioned stimulus

4. conditioned response

5. operant behavior

Respondent Conditioning

1/15/2022

ASR Before the bell is conditioned to elicit salivation (through pairing with food) it has no effect on

salivation. Thus it is called a(n):

1. Pre-Respondent

2. Operant stimulus

3. Unconditioned stimulus

4. Neutral stimulus

ASR The meat powder elicited salivation without conditioning. Thus meat powder is called a(n):

1. Conditioned stimulus

2. Unconditioned response.

3. Unconditioned stimulus

4. Neutral stimulus

ASR Which of the following is an example of a conditioned reflex?

1. Blinking in response to a puff of air

2. Blinking when a ball is thrown at your face

3. Blinking in response to a bell

4. Blinking when stepping out into the sun

1/15/2022

ASR Which of the following is an example of a conditioned reflex?

1. Pulling your hand away from a lamp when the bulb shocks you

2. Saying “Ow!” when a bulb shocks you.

3. Pulling your hand away from a hot burner.

4. Pulling your hand away from a burner after seeing a red light indicating burner on.

CONTIGUITY IS EVERYTHING! 1) Short delay : most overlap, CS presented shortly before = very effective

2) Long delay : some overlap, CS is presented long before US = usually effective

3) Trace conditioning : no overlap, CS is removed when US is presented = sometimes effective

4) Simultaneous conditioning: CS and US presented at the same time = rarely effective

5) Backward conditioning: opposite of short or long delay = almost never effective

Contingency

• Dependency between events, one event depends on another

•Dependency between US and CS matters for respondent learning

•US should occur more often when the CS is presented

1/15/2022

ASR When a CS is repeatedly paired with the US, CS will eventually produce the CR. This is known as;

1. Respondent extinction

2. Respondent discrimination

3. Respondent acquisition

4. Respondent habituation

ASR As the intensity of the US increases, the magnitude of the UR increases up to a certain point called the

1. Asymptote

2. Threshold

3. Limit

Effective Not Effective

1.Short Delay: Very Effective 4. Simultaneous:

Usually Not Effective

2. Long Delay: Usually Effective 5. Backward:

Almost Always Ineffective

3. Trace: Can be effective, less likely

(No over-lap of CS and US)

Respondent Conditioning Procedures

1/15/2022

ASR is the most effective respondent conditioning procedure and is the

least effective.

1. Backward, Long delay

2. Short delay, Simultaneous

3. Short Delay, Backward

4. Trace, Short Delay

Respondent Extinction

•Respondent extinction is achieved through unpaired presentations of the CS (without the US)

•EX: When the US (food) does not follow the CS (tone), CR (salivation) begins to decrease and eventually causes extinction. – Eventually the reflex response will cease to be elicited by the CS.

Respondent Extinction

1/15/2022

Spontaneous Recovery •Spontaneous recovery refers to the re-emergence of the CS-CR relationship after extinction has occurred.

•EX: After a rest period, an extinguished CR (salivation) spontaneously recovers, when the CS (Bell) is presented.

•But since the CS persists alone, the CR becomes extinct again.

Spontaneous Recovery

Respondent Stimulus Generalization

•Spread of the effects of respondent conditioning to stimuli other than the conditioned stimulus.

•Most likely to occur the greater the similarity between the CS and the other stimulus.

1/15/2022

ASR •When an organism responds to one value of a CS with a particular response but not to other values of the CS, it is called

1. Habituation

2. Respondent extinction

3. Spontaneous recovery

4. Stimulus generalization

5. Respondent discrimination

ASR The general yells “fire” and then the soldier hears gun shots. His heart jumps. Soon whenever the general yells “fire” the soldier’s heart races even before hearing the gun shots. Finally, the army surrenders and puts down their guns. The general still yells “fire” over and over. The soldier's heart stops racing to the sound of the general yelling “fire.” This demonstrates:

1. Habituation

2. Respondent extinction

3. Spontaneous recovery

4. Stimulus generalization

5. Respondent discrimination

ASR Some time after the war, while shooting at the gun range, the same soldier hears a man yell, “Fire.” His heart immediately starts to race. This demonstrates:

1. Sensitization

2. Operant conditioning

3. Respondent extinction

4. Spontaneous recovery

5. Stimulus generalization 54

1/15/2022

ASR •Mary runs into her ex-boyfriend at the mall. He is drinking a soda (pop). Immediately, her heart rate increases. This exemplifies;

1. Respondent extinction

2. Spontaneous recovery

3. Stimulus generalization

ASR •Which of the following is NOT a variable affecting resistance to respondent extinction?

1. Number of paired trials and inter-trial interval

2. CS-US contingency and CS-US contiguity

3. Intensity of the stimulus and its complexity

4. Past environmental experiences and preparedness to learn

5. All of the above affect resistance

ASR •Sometimes even one pairing is sufficient for respondent conditioning to occur. Earlier pairings are more critical than later pairings for learning. These statements are;

1. True

2. False

1/15/2022

ASR

•The weakest S-S contingency is when the two stimuli always occur together until learning occurs. This statement is;

1. True

2. False

ASR

•In general, the shorter the interval, the more likely that conditioning will occur. This statement is;

1. True

2. False

ASR

•In general, the optimum inter-trial interval is between 20 and 30 seconds(or more).

1. True

2. False

1/15/2022

ASR

•A neutral stimulus is more likely to become a conditioned elicitor if the organism has previous history with it.

1. True

2. False

ASR Neutrality of the conditioned stimulus is important for respondent learning given this known effect.

1. US pre-exposure effect

2. CS pre-exposure effect

ASR Delays in the conditioned response when a pre-exposed CS is paired with a new US is known as;

1. Simultaneous conditioning

2. Backwards conditioning

3. Latent inhibition

4. US-CS contingency

1/15/2022

Conditioning as it relates to food choices •Every eaten a food and then become ill?

•Every drank something and then become ill?

•Learned response is avoiding food/drink that made us sick

•Food /drink that made us ill becomes a CS (smell, sight)

•CR would feelings of illness such as nausea

•Known as conditioned taste aversion

•Forms basis of treatment for addictions using aversion therapy

•https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a991fpwJd_4

Higher order conditioning

•When a US is paired with a CS and CS begins to elicit the CR, establishes first order conditioning • Meat powder paired with bell

• Bell elicits salivation

•Also serves as foundation for higher order conditioning where a CS can condition a second a neutral stimulus • Bell paired with a tone

• Tone eventually elicits salivation

• Called second order conditioning

Conditioning and drug abuse •Drug tolerance: a decrease in response of drug usually resulting from repeated use

•Stimuli associated with taken drug become conditioned stimuli occasioning cravings for drug • Examples include places of drug consumption, drug paraphernalia and persons associated with

consumption of drug

• Preparatory conditioned stimuli increase tolerance for drug through conditioning of compensatory conditioned responses

• Ex: If drug increases heart rate, compensatory CR would be to decrease heart rate

•Drug users develop tolerances resulting in consumption of increasingly higher doses of drug • Increases risk of overdose particularly when drug ingested in novel area

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TyCy6mxzVmw

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a991fpwJd_4

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TyCy6mxzVmw

1/15/2022

ASR When the CS elicits reactions that are ordinarily countered by the US but the US is not delivered the individual experiences this.

1. Drug tolerance

2. Drug habituation

3. Conditioned withdrawal

Conditioned Immunosuppression •Placebo effects may be explained through respondent conditioning

•Placebo drug may elicit CR related to feeling better such as; • Lower blood pressure • Lowered heart rate • Release of neurotransmitters in brain • Release of endorphins and hormones

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z03FQGlGgo0

•Vaccines and immune response also thought to involve respondent conditioning • Immune system’s reaction to vaccine trains immune system to react to other pathogens through

respondent generalization • Often referred to as “Adaptive immunity” • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rb7TVW77ZCs

ASR In the placebo effect, the placebo (inert substance) would be considered the;

1. Unconditioned stimulus

2. Conditioned stimulus

3. Unconditioned response

4. Conditioned response

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z03FQGlGgo0

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rb7TVW77ZCs

1/15/2022

ASR When an US is paired with two or more neutral stimuli at the same time and these stimuli become part of the same class, we call the stimuli

1. Conditioners

2. Compound stimuli

3. Operant stimuli

4. Generalized stimuli

ASR When two neutral stimuli are presented at the same time before the US, the more salient stimulus is said to the less intense stimulus and therefore become the CS.

1. Dominate

2. Overshadow

3. Extinguish

ASR When a previously CS impedes the conditioning of another neutral stimulus, it is referred to as

1. Habituation

2. Blocking

3. Respondent extinction

4. Overshadowing

1/15/2022

Rescorla-Wagner Model •S-R contiguity theory of respondent conditioning does not rely on cognitive processes to explain conditioning.

•CS acquires associative strength during pairing trials with US • Greatest increase in associative strength occurs during first pairing trial

• Associative strength affected by multiple factors such; as intensity of stimulus, number of paired trials with the US, number of compound stimuli and order of conditioning

ASR CS cannot elicit a greater magnitude CR than the UR. This statement is;

1. True

2. False

ASR A week later, I am driving in the same neighborhood where I received a speeding ticket.

My heart rate increases and I start sweating. This is due to _________ conditioning.

1. Respondent

2. Operant

1/15/2022

Respondent Behavior in Clinical Populations •Substance abuse and addictions

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TK7NnXGrWfA

•Anxiety disorders

• Panic disorders

•Phobias

•Obsessive compulsive disorder

•Post-traumatic stress disorder

•https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aX7jnVXXG5o

Quiz Preparation Here are some questions to ask yourself in regard to preparing for quizzes:

1. Are you creating SAFMEDS and rehearsing new terms?

2. Do you complete the required chapter readings and assignment?

3. Do you attend or watch recordings of classes?

4. Do you review my Power Points again after class?

What’s Next •Chapter 3 Quiz and ASR check opens on Wednesday and closes on Sunday in CANVAS

•Read Chapter 4 and create system of SAFMEDS

•Complete Chapter 4 reading assignment by Wednesday at 11:59 PM in CANVAS

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TK7NnXGrWfA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aX7jnVXXG5o