Special Topics Gangs Chapter 3 Lecture
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Chapter3Lecture.pdf
© 2014 by P
earson H igher E
ducation, Inc U
e S
add e R
e , N
e Je
e 07458 A
R R
e e
ed
G a
ng s,
Pro f. Bro
o ks
Sum m
e r 2021
D e
la ne
y, A m
e ric
a n Stre
e t G
a ng
s, 2e
C h
a p
te r 3
Th e
o re
tic a
l Exp la
n a
tio ns o
f Stre e
t G a
n g
s
2
The w
a y a
p a
rtic ula
r a g
e nc
y, g o
ve rning
b o
d y, o
r c
o m
m unity vie
w s a
g a
ng d
ire c
tly im p
a c
ts the
p ro
g ra
m s a
nd typ
e s o
f la w
e nfo
rc e
m e
nt use d
in re
la tio
n to the
m .
A theory should
: Be
e m
p iric
a lly ve
rifia b
le
H a
ve the
a b
ility to e
xp la
in o r p
ro vid
e a
nd a
c c
o unt fo
r b
e ha
vio r
Be c
o m
e a
p p
lic a
b le
to a
g e
ne ra
l se t o
f re la
te d
p he
no m
e na
Em p
irica lly verifia
b le
e fe
c ie
nc e
c
o m
m itm
e nt to
sup p
o rt the
o ry w
ith syste m
a tic
o
b se
rva tio
n a nd
d a
ta c
o lle
c tio
n, kno w
n a s
re se
a rc
h.
The o
ry Exp la
na tio
ns
3
A tte
m p
t to link crim
e a nd
d elinq
uency to g
enetics, ra
ising c
o ntro
ve rsia
l issue s suc
h a s the
c o
nc e
p t o
f a
b n c
im ina
l a
nd he
g
g e
i n ha
c im
e i
he
re d
ita ry
H a
ve e
xa m
ine d
b od
y typ es a
s a m
e a
ns o f
d e
e m
ining a
n ind i
id a
l c
ha a
c e
, g
g e
ing
ha
he
e n
l k
like a
c im
ina l
Physiog nom
y invo
lve s the
stud y o
f fa c
e s a
nd skulls
a nd
o the
r p hysic
a l fe
a ture
s in o rd
e r to
re ve
a l a
n ind
i id
a l
na a
l d i
ii n
Bio lo
g ic
a l The
o rie
s
4
Bio lo
g ic
a l The
o rie
s
C la
ssica l
Positive
5
D e
ve lo
p e
d b
y C esa
re Becca
ria , a
n Ita lia
n no
b le
m a
n (1738 1794), in his b
o o
k O n C
rim e
s a nd
Punishm
e nt (1764)
Be lie
ve d
tha t hum
a ns w
e re
free to choose c
o urse
s o
f a c
tio n a
nd tha
t the y a
re c
a p
a b
le o
f m a
king
ra tiona
l d ecisions
Je re
m y Be
ntha m
(1748 1832), a
n Eng lish
p hilo
so p
he r, p
ro m
o te
d the
id e
a o
f he d
o nism
hum a
ns seek
p lea
sure a nd
a void
p a
in in the ir
a c
tivitie s
The C
la ssic
a l Sc
ho o
l
6
Ba sic
Te na
nts o f the
C la
ssic a
l Sc ho
o l
Em p
ha sizes free w
ill choices a nd
ra tiona
l thoug ht
C oncerned
w ith p
olitica l structure a
nd the w
a y
in w hich g
overnm ent d
ea ls w
ith its citizens
V iew
s b eha
vior a s hed
onistic
C oncerned
for the b a
sic rig hts of a
ll p eop
le
Focuses on m ora
lity a nd
resp onsib
ility
7
Po sitivists sa
w b
e ha
vio r a
s d e
te rm
ine d
b y a
n ind
i id
a l
b i
l g
ic a
l, c
h l
g ic
a l, a
nd
c ia
l tra
its. P
ii i
ie
e d
ffe
nd e
a
ic k
a nd
im lie
d ha
e
e a
c he
ne e
d e
d
find he
c
a e
,
d
e te
rm ina
nts, o f suc
h so c
ia l p
a tho
lo g
y a m
o ng
ind
ivid ua
ls.
The Po
sitive Sc
ho o
l
8
C om
p a
re/C ontra
st
Psyc ho
lo g
ic a
l The o
rie s o
f D e
linq ue
nc y
Intellig ence-
Ba sed
Theories
Persona lity
Tra it
Theories
Socia l
Lea rning
Theories
9
So c
io lo
g ic
a l The
o ry
So c
io lo
g ic
a l the
o rie
s a re
g ro
und e
d b
y the b
e lie
f tha
t d e
linq ue
nc y is c
a use
d b
y environm enta
l fa
ctors.
Socia l D
isorg a
niza tion Theory (the C
hica g
o School) So
c ia
l d iso
rg a
niza tio
n the o
ry d e
ve lo
p e
d fro
m the
e
a rly e
c o
lo g
ic a
l re se
a rc
h o n urb
a n d
e ve
lo p
m e
nt c
o nd
uc te
d b
y so c
io lo
g ists a
t the U
nive rsity o
f C
hic a
g o
d uring
the 1920s a
nd 1930s.
10
D iscuss the concentric circles id
entified b
y the C hica
g o School.
So c
io lo
g ic
a l The
o ry
Zo n
e 5
Zo n
e 4
Zo n
e 3
Zo n
e 2
Zo n
e 1
11
In so c
ia lly d
iso rg
a nize
d a
re a
s, the d
o m
ina nt va
lue s a
nd
no rm
s c o
ntra st w
ith the ne
w e
m e
rg ing
no rm
s a nd
va lue
s. Four elem
ents o
f so c
ia l d
iso rg
a niza
tio n:
So c
io lo
g ic
a l The
o ry
Zo n
e 3
Low
Econom ic
Sta tus
M ixture of
d ifferent ethnic g
roup s
H ig
hly m
ob ile
resid ents
m oving
in a
nd out of
the a rea
D isrup
ted
fa m
ilies a nd
b
roken hom
es
12 So c
io lo
g ic
a l The
o ry
M e
M d
e
f A d
a a
i W
he n ind
ivid ua
ls a re
fa c
e d
w ith the
stra in c
a use
d
b y a
no m
ic c
o nd
itio ns, the
y ha ve
a c
ho ic
e b
e tw
e e
n five
m o
d e
s o f a
d a
p ta
tio n:
Ritua lism
Innova tion
C onform
ity
Reb ellion
Retrea tism
13 So c
io lo
g ic
a l The
o ry
A lb
e rt C
o he
n id e
ntifie d
five c
e ntra
l c ha
ra c
te ristic
s o
f lo w
e r-c
la ss d
e linq
ue nt g
a ng
s, w hic
h, w he
n c
o m
b ine
d , c
o m
p rise
the d
e linq
ue nt sub
c ulture
:
N e
g a
tivism M
a lic
ious- ne
ss N
o n-
utilita ria
nism
G ro
up
A uto
no m
y Sho
rt-Te rm
H
e d
o nism
14 V a
ria nts o
f So c
ia l C
o ntro
l The o
ry
Pe rso
na lity
O rie
nte d
C o
nta inm
ent The
o ry
Te c
hniq ues o
f N
e utra
lization So
c ia
l Bo nd
15 So c
ia l Le
a rning
/D iffe
re ntia
l Le a
rning The
o ry
Ind ivid
ua ls b
e c
o m
e d
e linq
ue nt no
t o nly thro
ug h
d ire
c t c
o nta
c t w
ith d e
linq ue
nts, b ut a
lso thro
ug h
e xp
o sure
to va
rio us va
lue s, b
e lie
fs, a nd
a ttitud
e s
tha t a
re sup
p o
rtive o
f c rim
ina l a
nd d
e linq
ue nt a
c ts
(e .g
., thro ug
h the m
e d
ia a
nd m
usic ).
D ire
c t a
sso c
ia tio
n w ith d
e via
nt o the
rs, e sp
e c
ia lly
o ve
r a p
e rio
d o
f tim e
, is the m
o st like
ly w a
y to e
lic it
d e
linq ue
nt b e
ha vio
r a c
c o
rd ing
to so
c ia
l the o
rists.
16
Youths lea rn to b
ecom e d
elinq uent
throug h three rela
ted p
rocesses:
So c
ia l Le
a rning
The o
ry
Zo n
e 3
A cq
uisition
M a
intena nce
Instig a
tion
17 La b
e ling
The o
ry
D o
e s no
t e xa
m ine
ho w
o r w
hy p e
o p
le b
e c
o m
e
d e
linq ue
nts a nd
c rim
ina ls; ra
the r, it c
o nc
e ntra
te s o
n the
e ffe
c t o
f b e
ing la
b e
le d
a d
e linq
ue nt o
r c rim
ina l
Fre d
e ric
k Thra she
r Fra
nk Ta nne
nb a
um
18 La b
e ling
The o
ry
W he
n a n ind
ivid ua
l c o
ntinua lly re
c e
ive s ne
g a
tive
fe e
d b
a c
k fro m
sig nific
a nt o
the rs a
nd the
n b e
g ins to
a
c c
e p
t the ne
g a
tive la
b e
l, a se
lf-fulfilling p
ro p
he c
y ha
s b e
e n c
re a
te d
.
Be c
ke r
Q uinne
y
© 2014 by P
earson H igher E
ducation, Inc U
e S
add e R
e , N
e Je
e 07458 A
R R
e e
ed
The fo
llo w
ing c
rim e
a nd
d e
linq ue
nc y the
o rie
s a p
p ly to
g a
ng s:
b io
lo g
ic a
l a nd
p syc
ho lo
g ic
a l e
xp la
na tio
ns a nd
the tra
d itio
na l
so c
io lo
g ic
a l the
o rie
s: so c
ia l d
iso rg
a niza
tio n (C
hic a
g o
Sc ho
o l),
a no
m ie
/ stra in, sub
c ulture
/so c
ia l b
o nd
, so c
ia l
le a
rning /d
iffe re
ntia l le
a rning
, a nd
la b
e ling
.
C H
A PTER SU
M M
A RY
Psyc ho
lo g
ic a
l the o
rie s o
f d e
linq ue
nc y sta
rt w ith the
p re
m ise
tha t
the re
a re
ind ivid
ua l d
iffe re
nc e
s in inte llig
e nc
e , p
e rso
na lity, a
nd
le a
rning .
So c
io lo
g ic
a l the
o rie
s a re
g ro
und e
d b
y the b
e lie
f tha t g
a ng
fo
rm a
tio n a
nd p
a rtic
ip a
tio n a
re the
re sult o
f so c
ia l fa
c to
rs.
