Physical security

‹#›

Chapter 7 – Use of Locks in Physical Crime Prevention

Lock Terminology and Components

Attacks and countermeasures

Attacks on cylinders

Lock selection considerations

2

‹#›

Lock Terminology and Components

Need to understand:

Weaknesses

Strengths

How to use each to achieve maximum benefit

Basic principles of locking systems

3

‹#›

Attacks and countermeasures

No lock is completely invulnerable.

Effectiveness determined by how long it can resist an intruder’s best effort.

Average pin tumbler cylinder picked in seconds

No lock can survive strong force applied for a sufficient length of time

Sole object of lock is to delay an intruder

Two methods of attacking locks:

Surreptitious techniques

Force

Can circumvent locks by assaulting objects it is fastened to

4

‹#›

Surreptitious Attacks

Four basic surreptitious approaches:

Illicit keys

Circumvention of internal barriers of lock

Manipulation of internal barriers

Shimming

5

‹#›

Attacks and countermeasures

6

Countermeasures reduce vulnerability

Not all appropriate for every application.

Need of suitable compromise between expense and inconvenience vs. value of item

Complex, expensive high-security not for most residential applications

Cheap padlock on warehouse not helpful

Overprotection often more harmful than insufficient

If more complex security system than necessary, owner likely will not use it.

Many unlawful entries through unlocked doors

Too inconvenient

‹#›

Attacks on cylinders

To remove cylinder from lock:

Pried and punched

Drilled

Pulled

Wrenched

Twisted

7

‹#›

Lock selection considerations

8

Locks only on part of security system

Lock no better than door it is on.

Degree of protection required reflects value of items being protected

Lock must complement the system

Moderate security—good cylinder properly installed on a properly constructed door frame

Wall must be at least as strong as door system

‹#›

Chapter 8 – Safes, Vaults, and Accessories

Choosing the right container

Underwriters laboratories (UL)

UL rated combination locks

Relocking Devices

Combination changing

Safe burglaries

Considerations for combinations

9

‹#›

Choose the Right Container

Value and physical nature of contents should dictate:

Type of container

Degree of protection sought

Not all combination-locked security containers are safes.

10

‹#›

There is no perfect container!

Fire-resistant safe/insulated filing cabinet vulnerable to burglary

Important documents in burglary chest secure from burglary but not fire.

11

‹#›

Underwriters laboratories

Underwriters Laboratories (UL) is the largest and best known independent, not-for-profit testing laboratory in the world.

Underwriters Laboratories (UL) test fire- and burglary-resistance of containers.

Best protection—safes with UL label for both fire and burglary protection

Labels may be required by insurance

12

‹#›

Ul rated combinations locks

For well-made containers:

Most common combination locks are certified UL 768

Combination locks can earn a classification of:

Group 1

Group 1R

Group 2

13

‹#›

Ul rated combinations locks

Testing for UL Group 1 (manipulation resistant and Group 1R (manipulation and radiographic resistant labels:

Tests above + lock tested must:

Resist skilled surreptitious attempts to learn combination numbers by:

Manipulation

Use of instruments

Radioactive isotopes (Group 1R)

14

‹#›

Ul rated combinations locks

15

Defense contactors are required to protect classified information using government specs.

MIL-L-15596 defines acceptable types of combination locks

Group 2 combination adequate security in most instances.

Most safe burglars use force

High-security installations should use manipulation resistant Group 1 locks.

‹#›

Relocking Devices

An auxiliary bolt or bolt-blocking mechanism without a control from outside the container

Protects security containers against torch, drill, and punching attacks

Separate standard of rating—UL 140

Simple in design:

Often just spring-driven bolts held in cocked position until activated by attack

Blocks retraction of door bolts, combination bolt, or both

Usually undetectable to user

16

‹#›

Relocking devices

Current Group 1, 1R, and 2 combination locks have built-in relocking devices.

Some incorporate thermal protection

Many safe manufacturers include their own designs of relockers, outside combination lock

17

‹#›

Combination changing

Positive aspect of combination locks—user changeability

Some companies have policies to ensure exclusive knowledge of combination numbers.

New combination locks come with detailed instruction for changing and special change keys.

Relatively simple, but mistakes costly

Lost time and dollars

Lockout may cause a forcing-open of container

High degree of care must be taken when changing combinations.

18

‹#›

Safe burglaries

Fewer skilled safecrackers today

Technical ignorance

Easier targets

Some are more technological proficient

Part of expertise is exploiting human error

Defense—knowledge of and adherence to proper security procedure

19

‹#›

Considerations for combinations

Hidden combinations

Many people write down combination numbers, leaving them nearby

Burglars know to look for them

Memorization makes them more secure.

20

‹#›

Considerations for combinations

Using personal info for combinations

Appealing—easy to remember

Easy for burglars to find this information

Tend to have combinations ending in 0 or 5

Limits combination possibilities

Should be random set of numbers with no special significance to user

21

‹#›

Considerations for combinations

Failing to Fully Scramble Combinations

Common when safe has a locking dial

Combination numbers left dialed

Bolt left extended

Dial locked with key

Turning dial key opens safe and moving dial a few numbers

22

‹#›

Chapter 9 – Security Lighting

Considerations for security lighting

Illumination

Reinforcing good lighting

Lighting levels

23

‹#›

Security lighting

24

Proper lighting:

Makes business and merchandise more attractive

Promotes safety and prevents lawsuits

Improves employee morale and productivity

Enhances real estate value

Security purposes:

Creates psychological deterrent to intrusion

Enables detection

‹#›

Considerations for security lighting

To analyze lighting deficiencies, check at night:

Possible methods of entry

Areas of inadequate lighting

Let police know beforehand

To ensure you’re not mistaken as a burglar

Recruit assistance in spotting weak points

Levels of light:

Bright light—plenty of light to work with, but enables observation

Darkness—cannot see to work to break in

Dim light—enough light to break and enter, but not enough to be observed

25

‹#›

Considerations for security lighting

Lighting industry becoming more energy and cost efficient

Trying to cut light pollution, which:

Spoils natural effect of night skies

High power consumption

26

‹#›

Considerations for security lighting

27

Some light pollution needed for safety and security

Purely decorative lighting

Designed with compromise in mind

External lighting must provide:

Minimal light pollution

Safe environment

Attractive feature

Fiber optic solutions

Bollards/recessed ground luminaries in walkways

‹#›

illumination

Lumens per watt—measure of lamp efficiency

Illuminance—intensity of light falling on a surface, measured in:

Foot-candles [fc] (English units)—brightness at one foot

Lux (metric units)—0.0929 fc

Examples

Direct sunlight—10,000 fc

Overcast day—100 fc

Full moon—0.01 fc

28

‹#›

Illumination

Illuminating Engineering Society of North America recommends:

Self-park area—1 fc

Attendant parking area—0.20–0.90 fc

Covered parking area—5 fc

Active pedestrian entrance—5 fc

Building surroundings—1 fc

Gates and doors—at least 2 fc

29

‹#›

illumination

Information sources include:

National Lighting Bureau (http://www.nlb.org)

Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (http://www.iesna.org)

International Association of Lighting Management Companies (http://www.nalmco.org)

30

‹#›

illumination

31

Cost broken down:

Energy cost—88%

Capital cost—8%

Maintenance cost —4%

ROI broken down:

Efficiency and energy savings payback

Reduce costs by shutting off unnecessary units

Concept of going green

‹#›

Reinforcing good lighting

Strategies to reinforce good lighting:

Set perimeter lighting to illuminate both sides

Direct lights down and away from a facility

No dark spaces between lighted areas

Protect lighting system—lighting inside barrier, covers over lamps, lamps on high poles, etc.

32

‹#›

Reinforcing good lighting

Photoelectric cells enable light to go on and off in response to natural light.

Consider motion-activated lighting.

Contact U.S. Coast Guard when lighting is required near navigable waters.

Do not disturb neighbors with intense light.

Keep a supply of portable emergency lights and auxiliary power.

Good interior lighting also detects burglars.

Join other business owners to petition local government for improved street lighting.

33

‹#›

Lighting levels

34

Recommended for employees:

0.5 fc—outer area perimeter

0.4 fc—restricted area perimeter

10 fc—vehicular entrances

5 fc—pedestrian entrance

0.5–2 fc—roadways

0.2 fc—open areas

0.2–5 fc—open piers decks

10–20 fc—interior sensitive structures

‹#›

Lighting levels

Recommended (con’t)

Loading docks—15 fc

Loading docks interior—15 fc

Shipping and receiving—5 fc

Security gate house—25–30 fc

Security gate house interior—30 fc

35

‹#›

Lighting levels different for cctv!

36

Recommended minimums for normal CCTV:

Detection—0.5 fc

Recognition—1 fc

Identification—2 fc

Parking structures—5 fc

Parking areas or open spaces—2 fc

Loading docks—0.2–5 fc

Loading dock parking areas—15–30 fc

Piers and dock—0.2–5 fc

‹#›