Linguistic grammar homework.
paiocanlie2727
chapter3.pptEvidence for phrases
Chapter 3
The problem
What are the units in any sentence?
The problem
What are the units in any sentence?
Example:
The little boat will sail to Alaska apparently.
The problem
What are the units in any sentence?
Example:
The little boat will sail to Alaska apparently.
The problem
What are the units in any sentence?
Example:
The little boat will sail to Alaska apparently.
The problem
What are the units in any sentence?
Example:
The little boat will sail to Alaska apparently.
The problem
What are the units in any sentence?
Example:
The little boat will sail to Alaska apparently.
The problem
What are the units in any sentence?
Example:
The little boat will sail to Alaska apparently.
Do semantically coherent units form syntactic units also? What is the evidence?
Added animation: Question(s) appear on click.
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Three types of evidence:
Movement phenomena
Coordination
Pronominalization
These processes apply to syntactic units.
Movement
Basic and non-basic orders
What can be moved
Types of movement
Nicole Chartier (NC) - Added this slide to be more like the other two (coordination and pronominalization).
Movement
Basic order:
S – V- O
S NP – VP
VP V - NP
Movement
Non-basic orders:
Example:
Her best friend will buy shoes.
Shoes, her best friend will buy -.
Will her best friend – buy shoes?
Other orders, besides basic, are possible
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Movement
Non-basic orders not produced by PS rules.
Produced by movement rules
Movement rules apply to units larger than words
Movement:
Active/Passive alternation
Active:
Hideo solved the problem.
Passive:
The problem was solved by Hideo
Movement:
Active/Passive alternation
The process:
Begin with active: S-V-O
Change form to passive:
Subject moves to right
Insert by
Object becomes subject
The form of the verb changes
Movement:
Active/Passive alternation
Hideo solved the problem.
Subject moves to the right:
Solved the problem Hideo
Insert by:
Solved the problem by Hideo
Object becomes subject:
The problem solved by Hideo
The form of the verb changes:
The problem was solved by Hideo.
Movement:
Active/Passive alternation
What doesn’t happen:
N doesn’t move by itself:
-- solved the problem by Hideo
* Problem was solved the by Hideo
Movement:
Active/Passive alternation
NP moves as a unit:
The problem was solved by Hideo.
Movement: Particle Shift
They turned over the rock.
They turned the rock over.
Movement: Particle Shift
The process:
The particle moves to the right of NP
VP
V PRT NP
turned the rock
over
Movement: Particle Shift
The process:
The particle moves to the right of NP
VP
V PRT NP
turned the rock
over
Movement:
Indirect Object Movement
Sue mailed the package to her friend.
Sue mailed her friend the package.
Movement:
Indirect Object Movement
The process:
The direct and indirect object phrases exchange places.
The preposition is omitted
Movement:
Indirect Object Movement
What doesn’t happen:
Movement of the noun by itself:
*Sue mailed friend the package her.
Movement: Summary
PS rules give basic order
Movement rules give a wider range of orders
Movement “respects” units:
Whole phrases move or are moved
Coordination (Conjunction)
About coordination
What can be coordinated
Constraints:
Coordinate structure constraint
Parallelism
Coordination
Coordinated structures contain two or more categories linked by a coordinating conjunction (and, or, but, etc.)
Examples:
[ [ Mary ] and [ Fred ] and [ Susan ] ]
[ [ bright yellow ] or [ faded green ] ]
Coordination
The whole structure behaves like it is the same category as the conjoined categories.
Example:
[ [bright blue] or [ pale yellow] ]
Adj. phrase Adj. phrase
[ ________________________ ]
Adj. phrase
Coordination v. Subordination
Coordination
Coordination occurs when a phrase is joined with another phrase:
Example:
S1, S2: [ S1 and S2 ]
Sue talked and Edna listened.
Subordination
Subordination (embedding) occurs when a phrase is contained within another phrase:
Example:
S1, S2: [S1 NP [VP V S2 ]
Arthur wants James to write.
Nicole Chartier (NC) - I think this is an appropriate example of embedding?
Coordination v Subordination
S
S1 and S2
Sue talked Edna listened
(S1 and S2 coordinated; neither is contained within the other.)
Coordination:
Coordination v. Subordination
S1
NP VP
Arthur
V S2
wants James to write
(S2 is subordinate to S1.)
Coordination
Triggered by “coordinating conjunctions”:
for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
Coordination
What units can be coordinated?
S (=sentences)
Phrases
Words (heads)
Coordination
Coordinated S:
[S1 They walked up to the house together]
[S2 They went in through the open door]
[S [S1 They walked up to the house together] so/and
[S2 They went in through the open door] ]
Coordination
Coordinated S:
S
S1 and S2
They walked up to the house together.
They went in through the open door.
Coordination
Coordinated Phrases:
The child picks the apples and gathers the corn.
[VP [VP1 picks the apples ] and [VP2 gathers the corn] ]
Coordination
Coordinated Phrases:
Kim may read three articles or five reviews.
[NP [NP1 three articles ] or [NP2 five reviews ] ]
Coordination
Coordinated Phrases:
Martin looked for his book in the study but not on his desk.
[PP [PP1 in the study ] but [PP2 not on his desk ] ]
Coordination
Coordinated Phrases:
Sean is very happy yet somewhat confused.
[AdjP [AdjP1 very happy ] yet [AdjP2 somewhat confused ] ]
(Don’t worry about Adj and Deg too much yet)
Coordination
Coordinated Words:
I would like six or seven apples
[NP [ [NUM six ] or [NUM seven ] ] apples ]
Coordination
Coordinated Words:
I would like six or seven apples
(tree)
Coordination
Coordinated Words:
That bus goes into or near the station.
[PP [ [Prep into ] or [Prep near ] ] [the station ] ]
Coordination
Coordinated Words:
That bus goes into or near the station.
(tree)
Coordination
Constraints:
Coordination Structure Constraint
Parallelism Constraint
Coordination
Coordination Structure Constraint:
Coordinated structures undergo syntactic processes (pronominalization and movement)
Coordinated units cannot be broken apart
Coordinate structures can undergo syntactic processes like pronominalization and movement. But there are constraints on how this can occur: the coordinated unit behaves like a unit: it cannot be broken apart.
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Coordination
Coordinate Structure Constraint:
Pronominalization:
Sue bought vegetables and fruit juice.
Sue bought them.
Sue bought what
Movement:
What did Sue buy?
Coordination
Coordinate Structure Constraint:
Pronominalization:
Sue bought vegetables and what
Movement:
* What did Sue buy vegetables and?
It isn’t possible to move part of a coordinate structure.
Coordination
Parallelism Constraint:
Units must be parallel. It isn’t possible to coordinate unlike constituents.
Syntactic and Semantic parallelism
Coordination
Parallelism Constraint: Syntactic parallelism
Lee went to the store.
Lee went missing.
*Lee went to the store and missing.
(PP and AdjP)
Coordination
Parallelism Constraint: Semantic parallelism
Lee went to the store.
Lee went off his rocker.
*Lee went to the store and off his rocker.
PP and PP
(location / property: not parallel)
Coordination: Summary
Properties of coordinate structures:
Two or more categories linked by coordinate conjunctions
Coordinated categories can be Ss, phrases or words.
The entire category behaves like the same category as its constituents
The entire category observes constraints:
CSC and Parallelism Constraint
Coordination:
Tree Diagram Practice
John bought one or two onions.
Coordination:
Tree Diagram Practice
John bought one carrot and two onions.
Pronominalization
What is pronominalization?
How pronominalization works
Interpretation
Grammatical properties
Pronouns and movement
Pronouns vs. proforms
Pronominalization
Replacement of a phrase by a proform
Pronominalization
The process:
Replace a whole phrase:
The interesting lecture began early.
It began early
*The interesting it began early
Why?
Pronouns replace NP, not N
Pronominalization
How we interpret pronouns:
Find antecedent
Two types of antecedents:
Linguistic antecedents
Pragmatic antecedents
Pronominalization
Linguistic antecedent:
A phrase that’s present in the same sentence or a previous sentence
Example:
Speaker A: Kim left.
Speaker B: She did?
Pronominalization
Linguistic antecedent:
A phrase that’s present in the same sentence or a previous sentence
Example:
Speaker A: Kim left.
Speaker B: She did?
Pronominalization
Pragmatic antecedent:
An antecedent that isn’t in a sentence
Example:
Mary, Evan and Gilbert usually meet at noon. Today Gilbert only sees Evan. He says: “Where is she?”
Pronominalization
Grammatical Properties:
Pronouns show inflection for:
Person: I, you, he
Number: I, we
Case: I, me, my, mine
Gender: he, she (natural gender)
Grammatical Gender
French examples:
la table
the table
le chapeau
the hat
Pronominalization:
Pronouns & Movement
Pronouns can undergo movement:
Passives:
She was chased by the dog.
Pronominalization:
Pronouns & Movement
Pronouns can undergo movement:
Interrogatives:
Replace a phrase, then undergo “WH”-movement
They ordered the lasagna with salad.
They ordered WHAT?
WHAT did they order?
Interrogatives may also introduce a phrase:
Example:
The story that she wrote was good.
[NP Which story] that she wrote was good?
Pronominalization:
Pronouns & Movement
Pronominalization:
Pronouns v. Proforms
Pronouns
- Replace NP
Proforms
- Replace other types of phrases
Pronominalization
Examples of proforms:
(1) Kim liked the movie.
I know it.
(2) They parked the car in the garage.
They put it there yesterday.
(3) The movie was too long.
We found it so as well.
Pronominalization: Summary
Grammatical Properties:
Pronouns show inflection for person, number, case, gender
Proforms can undergo movement
Pronouns vs. proforms:
Pronouns replace NP
Proforms replace other categories
