Discussion Question

Chapter 3:

Consequences

of Victimization

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 Injury can be temporary or permanent

 Characteristics of injured victims ◦ 27% of assault victims and 35% of robbery victims

injured physically

◦ Female and Black victims more likely to be injured

◦ Likely to be injured by nonstranger offenders

Physical Injury

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 UCR data on murder (2015) ◦ Majority of victims are males (79%)

◦ Blacks more likely than Whites to be murdered victims

◦ Only 21% of victims murdered by an acquaintance

◦ Guns are weapon of choice when weapon used

◦ Most common circumstance surrounding murder is an argument

Physical Injury

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 Medical care costs

 NCVS (2008)—542,280 crime victims needed medical treatment

 Costs vary by type of victimization

 Gun violence associated with substantial medical costs

Medical Care

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The Pulse

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Estimates:

>$5-7 million in medical costs (5 million unreimbursed) – 44 victims @ ORMC

>$385 million includes medical, the cost of the police response, the cost to employers and the dollar value of those 49 lost lives.

Note: Neither include mental health counseling

 NCVS (2008)—about 7% of violent crime victims and 7% of property crime victims lost time from work

 Varies by type of crime

 Also results in costs to employers

 Parents may suffer costs when children victimized

Losses in Productivity

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 Common economic costs ◦ Property losses

◦ Cost of medical care

◦ Time away from work, school, and home

◦ Pain, suffering, and quality of life reduction

◦ Legal costs

 2008 NCVS estimated total economic loss at $17.4 billion

Economic Costs

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 Tangible losses due to property loss/damage

 NCVS (2008)—94% of property crime victims experienced economic loss

 Most victims do not recover all or some property

Direct Property Loss

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 CJS (LE, Courts & Corrections) spends over $214 billion annually ◦ Employs over 2.4 million people—collective pay over

$9 billion

 Insurance companies pay about $45 billion annually due to crime

 Federal government pays $8 billion annually for victim services

System Costs

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 Most difficult costs to quantify

 Increases costs to victims 4 times ◦ Largest cost victims sustain

 Victim may change routines, lifestyles

Pain, Suffering, and Lost Quality of Life

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 People cope in different ways with victimization ◦ Some internalize feelings/emotions

◦ Others experience externalizing responses

 Common responses

Mental Health Consequences & Costs

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 Depression

 Reduced self-esteem and self-worth

 Anxiety

Common Responses

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 Psychiatric condition

 Can be debilitating

 PTSD affects 25% of victims versus 9% of non- victims

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

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 Focus on childhood trauma & victimization

 Childhood experiences, both positive and negative, have a tremendous impact on future violence victimization and perpetration, and lifelong health and opportunity.

 Three categories of experiences: ◦ Childhood abuse

◦ Childhood neglect

◦ Household challenges

ACE Study

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ACE Study – Dr. Harris

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View video

included in

module

❖ Almost 2x’s the rate of heart and liver disease

❖ 2x’s the rate of COPD and stroke

❖ 3x’s the rate of depression

❖ 6x’s the rate of attempting suicide

❖ 7x’s the rate of alcoholism

❖ 10x’s the rate of injection drug use

Some Key Findings

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 Alcoholism and alcohol abuse

 Chronic obstructive

 pulmonary disease

 Depression

 Fetal death

 Health-related quality of life

 Illicit drug use

 Heart disease

 Liver disease

 Poor work performance

 Financial stress

 Risk for intimate partner violence

 Multiple sexual partners

 Sexually transmitted diseases

 Smoking

 Suicide attempts

 Unintended pregnancies

 Early initiation of smoking

 Early initiation of sexual

activity

 Adolescent pregnancy

 Risk for sexual violence

 Poor academic achievement

*Not a complete list

Daigle, Victimology 2e, SAGE Publishing, 2018.

As the number of ACEs increases so does the

risk for the following:

17

# OF ACES POPULATION SPRING ‘19 CLASS

0 36% (11) 27%

1 26% (6) 15%

2 16% (8) 20%

3 9.5% (5) 12%

4 OR MORE 12.5% (11) 26%

How Common are ACES?

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 Self-blame: Blaming oneself for victimization

 Learned helplessness ◦ Victims learn that responding is futile

◦ Stay in risky situations

Self-Blame, Learned Helplessness, and the Brain

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 10–20% of total mental health care costs in the U.S. are crime-related

 Most results from victims seeking treatment to deal with effects of victimization

 Sexual victimization results in largest mental health care costs

Mental Health Care Costs

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 Vicarious victimization—effect of victimization on those close to the victim

 Homicide survivors widely studied ◦ Homicide has profound effect on family

◦ Greater than nonhomicide deaths

Vicarious Victimization

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 When you survive and someone else does not  Person can be traumatized by coverage of

violent crime by media/other outlets  Likely to occur when seven factors present: ◦ Realistic threat of death ◦ Extraordinary carnage ◦ Strong ties to community ◦ Witnessing of event by community ◦ Symbolic significance of victims to community ◦ Need for rescue workers ◦ Significant media attention

Vicarious Victimization

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 Reasons why reporting important ◦ Essential first step in activating CJS

◦ Failure to report lets offender “get away”

◦ Victims only have access to victim services if reported

 Majority of crimes are not reported

Reporting

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Reasons for not reporting violent crime

 Private/personal matter

 Dealt with another way

 Not important enough

 Police could not/would not do anything

 Fear reprisal

 Fear getting offender in trouble

Reasons for reporting violent crime

 Prevent future violence

 Stop offender

 Because it was a crime

 To protect others

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Reporting

24

 Major cost of victimization

 Fear—emotional response to a perceived threat

 Produces physiological response—fight or flight reaction

Fear of Crime

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Fight or Flight

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Severe trauma or stressful events can elevate cortisol levels in the blood for prolonged periods

 Difficult to measure

 Do not have to be a crime victim to be fearful

 Risk and fear often not related ◦ Some groups have higher levels of fear despite lower

risk of victimization—women, elderly

Fear of Crime

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 May lead to avoidance behaviors

 May lead to defensive behaviors or protective behaviors

 Can be bad if it leads to anxiety or isolation

Fear…

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 According to SAMHSA’s concept of a trauma-informed approach, “A program, organization, or system that is trauma-informed:

◦ Realizes the widespread impact of trauma and understands potential paths for recovery;

◦ Recognizes the signs and symptoms of trauma in clients, families, staff, and others involved with the system;

◦ Responds by fully integrating knowledge about trauma into policies, procedures, and practices; and

◦ Seeks to actively resist re-traumatization.“

 A trauma-informed approach can be implemented in any type of service setting or organization.

Trauma Informed Systems

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 Trauma informed courts (Miami’s GRACE Court)

 FSU Student Resilience Project

 Trauma Informed Care Training for Child Care Professionals

 Tarpon Springs – 1st Trauma Informed Community in the U.S. – www.Peace4Tarpon.org

 John Hopkins All Children’s Hospital

 Palm Beach Trauma Informed Schools Collaboration

 Pasco – Juvenile Detention Center

Florida Trauma Initiatives

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Call us 24/7, we can help - (407) 823-1200

 Victim Advocates are a CONFIDENTIAL resource. We provide free, comprehensive victim advocacy services to students, faculty, staff, and visitors to campus who have been impacted by crime, violence, or abuse.

 Advocates offer CONFIDENTIAL support, crisis intervention, reporting and disclosure options, safety planning, information and referrals, practical assistance, and educational programs. Our clients are informed of all their reporting and disclosure options and we empower them to make the best decision for themselves. We encourage reporting to the police, but we always support the choice of our clients.

victimservices.ucf.edu/

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