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Principles of Information Systems, Thirteenth Edition

Chapter 3

Hardware and Mobile Devices

Principles of Information Systems, Thirteenth Edition

Chapter 3

Hardware and Mobile Devices

Objectives

After completing this chapter, you will be able to:

Identify and briefly describe the functions of the primary components of a computer

Give an example of recent innovations in computer processor chips, memory devices, and input/output devices

Identify the characteristics of various classes of single-user and multiuser computer system, and discuss the usage of each class of system

Objectives

After completing this chapter, you will be able to:

Identify and briefly describe the functions of the primary components of a computer

Give an example of recent innovations in computer processor chips, memory devices, and input/output devices

Identify the characteristics of various classes of single-user and multiuser computer system, and discuss the usage of each class of system

Objectives

After completing this chapter, you will be able to (cont’d):

Identify some of the challenges and trade-offs that must be considered in implementing a data center

Define the term “green computing” and identify the primary goals of this program

Objectives

After completing this chapter, you will be able to (cont’d):

Identify some of the challenges and trade-offs that must be considered in implementing a data center

Define the term “green computing” and identify the primary goals of this program

Anatomy of a Computer

Hardware components include devices that perform:

Input

Processing

Data storage

Output

Anatomy of a Computer

Hardware components include devices that perform:

Input

Processing

Data storage

Output

Anatomy of a Computer

Processor

Central processing unit (CPU) components

Arithmetic/logic unit, the control unit, and the register areas

Part of the computer that sequences and executes instructions

Memory

Provides the processor with a working storage area to hold program instructions and data

Input/output devices

Provide data and instructions to the computer and receives results from it

Processor

Central processing unit (CPU) components

Arithmetic/logic unit, the control unit, and the register areas

Part of the computer that sequences and executes instructions

Memory

Provides the processor with a working storage area to hold program instructions and data

Input/output devices

Provide data and instructions to the computer and receives results from it

Processor

Completing an instruction involves two phases, which are broken down into four steps:

The instruction phase

Step 1: fetch instruction

Step 2: decode instruction

The execution phase

Step 3: execute instruction

Step 4: store results

Processor

Completing an instruction involves two phases, which are broken down into four steps:

The instruction phase

Step 1: fetch instruction

Step 2: decode instruction

The execution phase

Step 3: execute instruction

Step 4: store results

Processor

Clock speed

A series of electronic pulses produced at a predetermined rate that affects machine cycle time

Often measured in gigahertz (GHz): billions of cycles per second

Many of today’s computers operate in the 1 to 4 GHz range

Processor

Clock speed

A series of electronic pulses produced at a predetermined rate that affects machine cycle time

Often measured in gigahertz (GHz): billions of cycles per second

Many of today’s computers operate in the 1 to 4 GHz range

Processor Families

Instruction set architecture (ISA) of a computer

Defines the basic set of commands (opcodes) that the processor can execute

Processor family

A set of processors from the same manufacturer that have similar features and capabilities

Examples:

x86 family

Intel Atom

ARM

Processor Families

Instruction set architecture (ISA) of a computer

Defines the basic set of commands (opcodes) that the processor can execute

Processor family

A set of processors from the same manufacturer that have similar features and capabilities

Examples:

x86 family

Intel Atom

ARM

Multiprocessing

Involves the simultaneous execution of two or more instructions at the same time

One form uses coprocessors

Coprocessor

Speeds processing by executing specific types of instructions while the CPU works on another processing activity

Multicore processor

Has two or more independent processing units, called cores

Multiprocessing

Involves the simultaneous execution of two or more instructions at the same time

One form uses coprocessors

Coprocessor

Speeds processing by executing specific types of instructions while the CPU works on another processing activity

Multicore processor

Has two or more independent processing units, called cores

Parallel Computing

Parallel computing

The simultaneous execution of the same task on multiple processors

Massively parallel processing systems

Systems with thousands of such processors

Links hundreds or even thousands of processors to operate at the same time

Grid computing

The use of a collection of computers that work in a coordinated manner to solve a common problem

Parallel Computing

Parallel computing

The simultaneous execution of the same task on multiple processors

Massively parallel processing systems

Systems with thousands of such processors

Links hundreds or even thousands of processors to operate at the same time

Grid computing

The use of a collection of computers that work in a coordinated manner to solve a common problem

Manufacturing Processors

Integrated circuit (IC)

A set of electronic circuits on one small piece of semiconductor material

Processors and memory chips are examples

Semiconductor fabrication plant

Factory where ICs are manufactured

Manufacturing Processors

Integrated circuit (IC)

A set of electronic circuits on one small piece of semiconductor material

Processors and memory chips are examples

Semiconductor fabrication plant

Factory where ICs are manufactured

Manufacturing Processors

Memory

Main memory

Provides the CPU with a working storage area for programs and data

Rapidly provides data and instructions to the CPU

Storage capacity

Byte (B): eight bits that together represent a single character of data

Memory

Main memory

Provides the CPU with a working storage area for programs and data

Rapidly provides data and instructions to the CPU

Storage capacity

Byte (B): eight bits that together represent a single character of data

Memory

Types of Memory

Random access memory (RAM) is temporary and volatile

Types of RAM

Static random access memory (SRAM) used for high-speed registers and caches

Dynamic random access memory (DRAM) used for main memory

Double data rate synchronous dynamic random access memory (DDR SDRAM)

Other forms of RAM

DDR2 SDRAM, DDR3 SDRAM, and DDR4 SDRAM

DDR4 reduces the energy required to run portable devices and servers

Cache memory: a type of high-speed memory that a processor can access more rapidly than main memory

Types of Memory

Random access memory (RAM) is temporary and volatile

Types of RAM

Static random access memory (SRAM) used for high-speed registers and caches

Dynamic random access memory (DRAM) used for main memory

Double data rate synchronous dynamic random access memory (DDR SDRAM)

Other forms of RAM

DDR2 SDRAM, DDR3 SDRAM, and DDR4 SDRAM

DDR4 reduces the energy required to run portable devices and servers

Cache memory: a type of high-speed memory that a processor can access more rapidly than main memory

Types of Memory

Read-only memory (ROM) is nonvolatile

It provides permanent storage for data and instructions that do not change

Types of ROM

Programmable read-only memory (PROM)

Electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM)

Types of Memory

Read-only memory (ROM) is nonvolatile

It provides permanent storage for data and instructions that do not change

Types of ROM

Programmable read-only memory (PROM)

Electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM)

Secondary Data Storage Devices

Secondary storage

Devices that store large amounts of data, instructions, and information more permanently than allowed with memory

Advantages over memory

Nonvolatility

Greater capacity

Greater economy

Secondary Data Storage Devices

Secondary storage

Devices that store large amounts of data, instructions, and information more permanently than allowed with memory

Advantages over memory

Nonvolatility

Greater capacity

Greater economy

Secondary Data Storage Devices

Secondary storage is not directly accessible by the CPU

Computers usually use input/output channels to access secondary storage and then transfer the desired data to intermediate areas in primary storage

Most common forms

Magnetic

Optical

Solid state

Secondary Data Storage Devices

Secondary storage is not directly accessible by the CPU

Computers usually use input/output channels to access secondary storage and then transfer the desired data to intermediate areas in primary storage

Most common forms

Magnetic

Optical

Solid state

Magnetic Secondary Storage Devices

Magnetic tape

A type of sequential secondary storage medium

Primarily for storing backups of critical organizational data

Hard disk drive (HDD)

A direct access storage device; consists of rapidly rotating disks coated with magnetic material

Redundant array of independent/inexpensive disks (RAID)

A method of storing data that generates extra bits of data from existing data

Disk mirroring

A process of storing data that provides an exact copy that protects users fully in the event of data loss

Virtual tape

A storage device for less frequently needed data

Magnetic Secondary Storage Devices

Magnetic tape

A type of sequential secondary storage medium

Primarily for storing backups of critical organizational data

Hard disk drive (HDD)

A direct access storage device; consists of rapidly rotating disks coated with magnetic material

Redundant array of independent/inexpensive disks (RAID)

A method of storing data that generates extra bits of data from existing data

Disk mirroring

A process of storing data that provides an exact copy that protects users fully in the event of data loss

Virtual tape

A storage device for less frequently needed data

Optical Secondary Storage Devices

A form of data storage that uses lasers to read and write data

Common types of optical storage devices

Compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM)

Digital video disc (DVD)

Blu-ray high-definition video disk

DNA data storage: experimental at this time

Optical Secondary Storage Devices

A form of data storage that uses lasers to read and write data

Common types of optical storage devices

Compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM)

Digital video disc (DVD)

Blu-ray high-definition video disk

DNA data storage: experimental at this time

Solid State Secondary Storage Devices

Solid state storage device (SSD)

Stores data in memory chips rather than magnetic or optical media

Advantages

Require less power and provide faster access than magnetic data storage devices

Have no moving parts, so they are less fragile than hard disk drives

A universal serial bus (USB) flash drive is a common SSD

Solid State Secondary Storage Devices

Solid state storage device (SSD)

Stores data in memory chips rather than magnetic or optical media

Advantages

Require less power and provide faster access than magnetic data storage devices

Have no moving parts, so they are less fragile than hard disk drives

A universal serial bus (USB) flash drive is a common SSD

Enterprise Storage Options

Enterprise storage

Large secondary storage

Forms of enterprise storage

Attached storage

Network-attached storage (NAS)

Storage area networks (SANs)

Cloud computing storage

Enterprise Storage Options

Enterprise storage

Large secondary storage

Forms of enterprise storage

Attached storage

Network-attached storage (NAS)

Storage area networks (SANs)

Cloud computing storage

Attached Storage

Includes devices connected directly to a single computer

Tape, HDDs including RAID devices, virtual tape, optical devices, and SSDs

Advantages: simple and cost effective for single users and small groups

Disadvantages: does not allow systems to share storage, and data backup is difficult

Attached Storage

Includes devices connected directly to a single computer

Tape, HDDs including RAID devices, virtual tape, optical devices, and SSDs

Advantages: simple and cost effective for single users and small groups

Disadvantages: does not allow systems to share storage, and data backup is difficult

Network-Attached Storage

Network-attached storage (NAS)

A hard disk drive storage device that is set up with its own network address and provides file-based storage services to other devices on the network

Common applications for NAS

Consolidated storage

Internet and e-commerce applications

Digital media

Network-Attached Storage

Network-attached storage (NAS)

A hard disk drive storage device that is set up with its own network address and provides file-based storage services to other devices on the network

Common applications for NAS

Consolidated storage

Internet and e-commerce applications

Digital media

Storage Area Networks

Storage Area Networks (SAN)

A high-speed, special-purpose network that integrates different types of data storage devices into a single storage system and connects that to computing resources across an entire organization

SANs can provide capabilities such as:

Disk mirroring, data backup and restore, data archiving, data migration from one storage device to another, and sharing data among other devices

A SAN deals with block input/output

Based on subsets of data smaller than a file

Storage Area Networks

Storage Area Networks (SAN)

A high-speed, special-purpose network that integrates different types of data storage devices into a single storage system and connects that to computing resources across an entire organization

SANs can provide capabilities such as:

Disk mirroring, data backup and restore, data archiving, data migration from one storage device to another, and sharing data among other devices

A SAN deals with block input/output

Based on subsets of data smaller than a file

Storage Area Networks

Storage as a Service

A data storage model where a data storage service provider rents space to individuals and organizations

Rented data storage is accessed via the Internet

Cloud-based storage services

Amazon’s Elastic Compute Cloud, Apple iCloud, Dropbox, Google Drive, Microsoft SkyDrive, and Mozy

Amazon’s Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3) allows subscribers to upload, store, and download data

Storage as a Service

A data storage model where a data storage service provider rents space to individuals and organizations

Rented data storage is accessed via the Internet

Cloud-based storage services

Amazon’s Elastic Compute Cloud, Apple iCloud, Dropbox, Google Drive, Microsoft SkyDrive, and Mozy

Amazon’s Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3) allows subscribers to upload, store, and download data

Input and Output Devices

Input and output devices:

Allow the user to provide data and instructions to the computer and to receive results from it

Are part of a computer’s user interface

Organizations should keep their business goals in mind when selecting input and output devices

Desired characteristics

Input devices: allow accurate and rapid entry

Output devices: produce timely results

Specialized functions may be required

Input and Output Devices

Input and output devices:

Allow the user to provide data and instructions to the computer and to receive results from it

Are part of a computer’s user interface

Organizations should keep their business goals in mind when selecting input and output devices

Desired characteristics

Input devices: allow accurate and rapid entry

Output devices: produce timely results

Specialized functions may be required

Data Entry and Input

Two-stage process of getting data into the computer system

Data entry: converting human-readable data into a machine-readable form

Data input: transferring the machine- readable data into the system

Many companies are using online data entry and input

Data Entry and Input

Two-stage process of getting data into the computer system

Data entry: converting human-readable data into a machine-readable form

Data input: transferring the machine- readable data into the system

Many companies are using online data entry and input

Source Data Automation

Capturing and editing data where it is initially created and in a form that can be directly entered into a computer

Ensures accuracy and timeliness

Example: salesperson entering a sales order into the computer at the time and place the order is taken

Source Data Automation

Capturing and editing data where it is initially created and in a form that can be directly entered into a computer

Ensures accuracy and timeliness

Example: salesperson entering a sales order into the computer at the time and place the order is taken

Input Devices

Common Personal Computer Input Devices

Keyboard and mouse

Speech-Recognition Technology

Motion-Sensing Input Devices

Scanning Devices

Optical Data Readers

Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) Devices

Input DevicesCommon Personal Computer Input Devices

Keyboard and mouse

Speech-Recognition Technology

Motion-Sensing Input Devices

Scanning Devices

Optical Data Readers

Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) Devices

Input Devices

Magnetic Stripe Cards

Chip Cards

Smart Cards

Contactless Payment Cards

Point-of-Sale (POS) Devices

Automated Teller Machine (ATM) Devices

Bar-Code Scanners

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Devices

Pen Input Devices

Touch Screens

Input Devices

Magnetic Stripe Cards

Chip Cards

Smart Cards

Contactless Payment Cards

Point-of-Sale (POS) Devices

Automated Teller Machine (ATM) Devices

Bar-Code Scanners

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Devices

Pen Input Devices

Touch Screens

Input Devices

Output Devices

Display Screens

Used to show output from the computer

Output Devices

Display Screens

Used to show output from the computer

Output Devices

Printers and Plotters

Two main types of printers

Laser

Inkjet

Mobile print solutions enable users to wirelessly send documents, email messages and attachments, presentations, and other documents from any smartphone, tablet, or laptop to any mobile-enabled printer in the world

Plotters are used for general design work

Blueprints, schematics, and drawings of buildings

Output Devices

Printers and Plotters

Two main types of printers

Laser

Inkjet

Plotters are used for general design work

Blueprints, schematics, and drawings of buildings

Output Devices

3D Printers

3D technology takes a three-dimensional model of an object stored on a computer and sends it to a 3D printer to create the object using strands of a plastic filament or synthetic powder

Commonly used by aerospace firms, auto manufacturers, and other design-intensive companies

Bioprinting

Uses 3D printers to build human parts and organs from actual human cells

Output Devices

3D Printers

3D technology takes a three-dimensional model of an object stored on a computer and sends it to a 3D printer to create the object using strands of a plastic filament or synthetic powder

Commonly used by aerospace firms, auto manufacturers, and other design-intensive companies

Bioprinting

Uses 3D printers to build human parts and organs from actual human cells

Output Devices

Digital Audio Players

Device that can store, organize, and play digital music files

MP3: a popular format for compressing a sound sequence into a very small file while preserving the original level of sound quality

E-Book Readers

An electronic book (e-book) is the digital media equivalent of a conventional printed book

Usually have the capacity to store thousands of books

Output Devices

Digital Audio Players

Device that can store, organize, and play digital music files

MP3: a popular format for compressing a sound sequence into a very small file while preserving the original level of sound quality

E-Book Readers

An electronic book (e-book) is the digital media equivalent of a conventional printed book

Usually have the capacity to store thousands of books

Computer System Types

General classification

Special-purpose computers

General-purpose computers

Two major groups of general-purpose computers

Single-user computers

Multiple-user computers

Computer System Types

General classification

Special-purpose computers

General-purpose computers

Two major groups of general-purpose computers

Single-user computers

Multiple-user computers

Portable Computers

Portable computers are small enough to carry easily

Wearable computers

An electronic device capable of storing and processing data that is incorporated into a person’s clothing or personal accessories

Health tracking wrist bands and smart watches are examples

Portable Computers

Portable computers are small enough to carry easily

Wearable computers

An electronic device capable of storing and processing data that is incorporated into a person’s clothing or personal accessories

Health tracking wrist bands and smart watches are examples

Portable Computers

Smartphones

Allow users to place calls, download and run apps, send and receive text messages and email, view documents and files, take and send photos and videos, get driving directions via GPS, browse Web sites, and create playlists of digital tunes

Mobile Computers

Laptops are designed for use by mobile users

Notebooks and ultrabooks are smaller than laptops

Tablet computers are portable, lightweight computers with or without a keyboard

Portable Computers

Smartphones

Mobile Computers

Laptops are designed for use by mobile users

Notebooks and ultrabooks are smaller than laptops

Tablet computers are portable, lightweight computers with or without a keyboard

Portable Computers

Thin Clients, Desktops, and Workstations

A thin client is a low-cost, centrally managed computer with no internal or external attached drives for storage

Desktop computers are single-user computer systems that are highly versatile

A nettop computer is an inexpensive desktop computer

Smaller, lighter, and consumes much less power than a traditional desktop computer

Workstations are more powerful than personal computers but still small enough to fit on a desktop

Thin Clients, Desktops, and Workstations

A thin client is a low-cost, centrally managed computer with no internal or external attached drives for storage

Desktop computers are single-user computer systems that are highly versatile

A nettop computer is an inexpensive desktop computer

Smaller, lighter, and consumes much less power than a traditional desktop computer

Workstations are more powerful than personal computers but still small enough to fit on a desktop

Servers, Mainframes, and Supercomputers

Server

A computer employed by many users to perform a specific task, such as running network or Internet applications

Usually has special features that make it more suitable for operating in a multiuser environment

Scalability: the ability to increase the processing capability

Enable the system to handle more users, more data, or more transactions

Mainframe computer: a large, powerful computer shared by hundreds of concurrent users connected to the machine over a network

Supercomputers: one of the most powerful computer systems with the fastest processing speed

Servers, Mainframes, and Supercomputers

Server

A computer employed by many users to perform a specific task, such as running network or Internet applications

Usually has special features that make it more suitable for operating in a multiuser environment

Scalability: the ability to increase the processing capability

Enable the system to handle more users, more data, or more transactions

Mainframe computer: a large, powerful computer shared by hundreds of concurrent users connected to the machine over a network

Supercomputers: one of the most powerful computer systems with the fastest processing speed

Servers, Mainframes, and Supercomputers

Server Farms, Data Centers, and Green Computing

This section provides an overview of what the computer industry and various organizations are doing to meet their computing needs in a more efficient and environmentally friendly manner

Server Farms, Data Centers, and Green Computing

This section provides an overview of what the computer industry and various organizations are doing to meet their computing needs in a more efficient and environmentally friendly manner

Server Farms

Server farm: a room used to house a large number of servers

Access to the machines can be controlled and authorized support personnel can more easily manage and maintain the servers

Virtual server: a method of logically dividing the resources of a single physical server to create multiple logical servers

Each logical server acts as its own dedicated machine

Blade server: a server that houses many individual computer motherboards

Include one or more processors, computer memory, computer storage, and computer network connections

Share a common power supply and air-cooling source within a single chassis

Server Farms

Server farm: a room used to house a large number of servers

Access to the machines can be controlled and authorized support personnel can more easily manage and maintain the servers

Virtual server: a method of logically dividing the resources of a single physical server to create multiple logical servers

Each logical server acts as its own dedicated machine

Blade server: a server that houses many individual computer motherboards

Include one or more processors, computer memory, computer storage, and computer network connections

Share a common power supply and air-cooling source within a single chassis

Server Farms

Data Center

Data center

A climate-and-access-controlled building or a set of buildings that houses the computer hardware that delivers an organization’s data and information services

Factors driving growth in data centers:

Demand for additional computing capacity

Need for additional storage capacity

Some organizations are consolidating data centers from many locations down to just a few locations

Data Center

Data center

A climate-and-access-controlled building or a set of buildings that houses the computer hardware that delivers an organization’s data and information services

Factors driving growth in data centers:

Demand for additional computing capacity

Need for additional storage capacity

Some organizations are consolidating data centers from many locations down to just a few locations

Data Center

Construction Considerations

More efficient operation and reduced energy for processing and cooling

Modular design

Location: areas with milder climates and lower energy rates and land costs

Ability to absorb the impact of a disaster (e.g., hurricane, earthquake, terrorism attack, or war) and quickly restore services

Data Center

Construction Considerations

More efficient operation and reduced energy for processing and cooling

Modular design

Location: areas with milder climates and lower energy rates and land costs

Ability to absorb the impact of a disaster (e.g., hurricane, earthquake, terrorism attack, or war) and quickly restore services

Green Computing

A program concerned with the efficient and environmentally responsible design, manufacture, operation, and disposal of IS-related products

Goals

Reduce the use of hazardous material

Allow companies to lower their power-related costs

Enable safe disposal or recycling of equipment

Green Computing

A program concerned with the efficient and environmentally responsible design, manufacture, operation, and disposal of IS-related products

Goals

Reduce the use of hazardous material

Allow companies to lower their power-related costs

Enable safe disposal or recycling of equipment

Green Computing

Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool (EPEAT)

A system that enables purchasers to evaluate, compare, and select electronic products based on a total of 51 environmental criteria

Green Computing

Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool (EPEAT)

A system that enables purchasers to evaluate, compare, and select electronic products based on a total of 51 environmental criteria

Summary

The computer hardware industry is rapidly changing and highly competitive, creating an environment ripe for technological breakthroughs

Computer hardware must be carefully selected to meet the evolving needs of the organization and its supporting information systems

The computer hardware industry and users are implementing green computing designs and products

Summary

The computer hardware industry is rapidly changing and highly competitive, creating an environment ripe for technological breakthroughs

Computer hardware must be carefully selected to meet the evolving needs of the organization and its supporting information systems

The computer hardware industry and users are implementing green computing designs and products