Reflection paper

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Intercultural Communication: Principles and Practice.

FLAN 3440

Intercultural Communication/FLAN 3440

 Recognize that no culture is purely individualistic or collectivistic.

 Discuss the research behind the notion of a pancultural self.

 Identify some cultures that are high context and low context.

 Compare value orientations among cultures.

 Identify cultures that are weak uncertainty avoidant and strong uncertainty avoidant.

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Culture hides more than it reveals, and strangely enough what it hides, it hides most effectively from its own participants.

—Edward T. Hall1

 Individualism-Collectivism

 High-Low Context

 Value Orientations

 Power Distance

 Uncertainty Avoid

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 Valuing personal independence  personal responsibility

 freedom of choice

 personal autonomy

 achieving self-fulfillment

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 Promoting the self  talent and potential in each person

 pursuit and development of abilities

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 Groups bind and mutually obligate individuals  a sense of duty to group

 interdependence to others

 harmony

 working with the group

 subordinating personal goals for the sake of preserving the ingroup

 People are not seen as isolated individuals but as interdependent with others

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 How do individuals perceive themselves?  “I am distinct and unique.”

 “I am a member of a family.”

 How do individuals relate to others?  “What do I gain?”

 “How will this affect others?”

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 What goals do they follow?  “I want to win.”

 “I am a team player to help the group win.”

 What drives their behavior?  “It is my right to do this.”

 “My duty is to my group.”

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 Vandello & Cohen measured percentage of:

 People living alone

 Elderly people living alone

 Households with grandchildren in them

 Divorce-to-Marriage ratio

 People with no religious affiliation

 Libertarian voters over past 4 presidential elections

 Ratio of people carpooling to work

 Self-Employed people

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Individualism - Collectivism

Individualism and Collectivism can coexist within a person of any culture

Valuing personal independence • personal responsibility • freedom of choice • personal autonomy • achieving self-fulfillment

Promoting the self • talent and potential in each

person • pursuit and development of

abilities

Groups bind and mutually obligate individuals

• a sense of duty to group • interdependence to others • harmony • working with the group • subordinating personal goals

for the sake of preserving the ingroup

People are not seen as isolated individuals but as interdependent with others

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 Horizontal individualism

 Vertical individualism

 Horizontal collectivism

 Vertical collectivism

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Communication Consequences Individualism Collectivism

Social behavior is guided by one’s personal attitudes… Social behavior is guided by the group

Value personal independence Group goals have precedence over individual goals

Decisions made democratically Decisions made by hierarchy

Friendships based on individual qualities Friendships based on hierarchical role in society

Equality sometimes Different value standards

 The idea that the individual self is pancultural (i.e., the individual self is more fundamental to self- definition than the collective self across all cultures)

 Motivation to achieve positive self- regard

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High and Low-Context Cultures Communication is dependent on the context in which it occurs

Culture

Physical Environment

Sociorelational

Perceptual

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 HIGH CONTEXT

 Restricted code

 Silence is valued

 Indirect, implicit messages

 Examples: China, Vietnam, and many African cultures.

 LOW CONTEXT

 Elaborated code

 Silence is uncomfortable

 Direct, explicit messages

 Examples: the U.S., Switzerland, and France

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 Self Assessment 2.3 p. 65, 66

 An intercultural conversation p. 64

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 Values affect intercultural communication.

 Values  Guide social behavior

 Prescribe what is preferred or prohibited

 Comprise the evaluative component of attitudes and beliefs

 Guide how we think about right/wrong

 Trigger positive or negative emotions

 Guide our actions

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Value Orientations

Values are the evaluative component of an individual's attitudes and beliefs.

How values affect intercultural communication!

Universal Values

 Self-direction

 Stimulation

 Hedonism

 Achievement

 Power

 Security

 Conformity

 Tradition

 Spirituality

 Benevolence and Universalism

 “The extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organizations within a country expect and accept that power is distributed unequally.”

–Hofstede

Smaller Power Distance vs. Large Power Distance

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 Uncertainty Avoidance—the degree to which the members of a particular culture feel threatened by uncertain or unknown situations.

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Uncertainty

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 Paradox of Culture

 Five Dimensions of Cultural Variability

1. Individualism-Collectivism

2. High-Low Context

3. Value Orientations

4. Power Distance

5. Uncertainty Avoidance

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