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Chapter2FourApproachestoOrg.Communication.pptxFour Approaches to Org. Communication
Communication as Information Transfer
Views communication as a pipeline through which information flows from one person to another.
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Four Approaches to Org. Communication
Communication as Information Transfer
Communication is a tool people use to accomplish their objectives.
It assumes:
Language can transfer thoughts and feelings from one person to another.
Speakers and writers insert thoughts and feelings into words.
Words contain the thoughts and feelings.
Listeners or readers extract the thoughts and feelings from the words.
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Four Approaches to Org. Communication
Communication as Information Transfer
“Miscommunication” occurs by:
Information overload — The receiver becomes overwhelmed by the information that must be processed.
Distortion — Noise affects the receiver’s ability to process the message. This noise can be semantic, physical, or contextual.
Ambiguity — Multiple interpretations of a message cloud the sender’s intended meaning.
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Four Approaches to Org. Communication
Communication as Information Transfer
Criticisms:
It is simplistic and incomplete, therefore limiting the scope of communication to a linear and sequential process.
The model reduces the receiver’s involvement in constructing the meaning of the message by assuming that the receiver remains passive.
It does not account for any nonverbal communication.
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Four Approaches to Org. Communication
Communication as Transactional Process
People act as sender and receiver simultaneously.
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Four Approaches to Org. Communication
Communication as Transactional Process
Differences from the Information Transfer Model:
Meaning of the message is not in the words but in the people.
The focus of the message is in how the receiver constructs the meaning of the message, rather than the need for the sender to transmit the meaning to others.
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Four Approaches to Org. Communication
Communication as Transactional Process
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Four Approaches to Org. Communication
Communication as Transactional Process
Criticism:
Because it places significant value on shared meaning and consensus, there is a lot more ambiguity, conflict, and diverse viewpoints in the “real world” of organizational communication.
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Four Approaches to Org. Communication
Communication as Strategic Control
Communication is used to influence and shape an environment.
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Four Approaches to Org. Communication
Communication as Strategic Control
Assumptions:
Greater clarity is not necessarily the only or main goal of interaction.
“Effective” communication is focused on goal attainment through rhetorical sensitivity of the situation.
Shared meaning is an empirically unverifiable concept and therefore not a primary motivation for communication.
The primary goal of communication should be organized action.
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Four Approaches to Org. Communication
Communication as Strategic Control
Example: WMDs in Iraq
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Four Approaches to Org. Communication
Communication as Strategic Control
Example: BP oil spill
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Four Approaches to Org. Communication
Communication as Strategic Control
Another important part of this model is strategic ambiguity: the ways people may communicate unclearly but still accomplish their goals.
Advantages (?):
Preserves privileged positions.
It is deniable.
Promotes unified diversity by taking advantage of the diverse meanings that different people can give to the same message.
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Four Approaches to Org. Communication
Communication as Strategic Control
Limitations:
Ethics are not important.
Emphasizes the behavior of individuals in controlling their environment through communication while clouding issues related to cooperation, coordination, and interdependence.
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Four Approaches to Org. Communication
Communication as Creativity and Constraint
This perspective sees organizational communication as a balance/contrast between how employees communicate to create and shape organizations and how the constraints that organizations place on that communication impact employees.
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Four Approaches to Org. Communication
Communication as Creativity and Constraint
Structuration theory: Focuses on the duality of structure, that is, structures are products of communication practices while also being bound by the rules that constructed them in the first place.
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Four Approaches to Org. Communication
Communication as Creativity and Constraint
Communication is the moment-to-moment working out of the tension between individual creativity and organizational constraint.
Out of this balancing act, creativity often emerges as the strategic response to organizational constraints.
The main advantage to this approach is the ability to consider enabling and constraining aspects of communication simultaneously.
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