American History #6

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U.S. A NARRATIVE HISTORY, SEVENTH EDITION DAVIDSON • DELAY • HEYRMAN • LYTLE • STOFF

“World War II deepened the global interdependence of nations and left the United States as the greatest economic and military power in the world.”

 The United States in a Troubled World  A Global War  War Production  A Question of Rights  Winning the War and the Peace

• Pacific Interests • In assuming colonial control over the Philippines, Americans

acquired an interest in the western Pacific • Stimson Doctrine

• Policy of “nonrecognition”

• Becoming a Good Neighbor • Good Neighbor policy

• Pan Americanism; U.S. found a new willingness among Latin American nations to cooperate in matters of common defense

 The Diplomacy of Isolationism • The rise of fascism • Nye committee • Internationalists versus isolationists • Neutrality legislation

 Debate over the Neutrality Act of 1935 • Spanish Civil War • Cash-and-carry

 Belligerents could buy supplies other than munitions • Aggression in China

 Inching toward War • Quarantine speech • Appeasement

 Became synonymous with betrayal, weakness, and surrender

 Hitler’s Invasion • Germany begins World War II

 Invasion of Poland in 1939  Blitzkrieg: “lightning war”

 Retreat from Isolationism • Battle of Britain • Lend-Lease Act

 The U.S. as “the great arsenal of democracy”  Atlantic Charter

 Disaster in the Pacific • Japanese expansion

 Entered Tripartite Pact • Pearl Harbor

 December 7, 1941

 Strategies for War • Defeat Germany first

 Outraged by the Pearl Harbor attack, many thought Japan should be the primary target

 Roosevelt and Churchill decided to fight the war in the Pacific as a holding action and defeat Germany first

 Gloomy Prospects • U-boat war • Fall of the Philippines

 A Grand Alliance • The Big Three

 Joseph Stalin, Winston Churchill, Franklin Roosevelt • Operation Torch

 British and American forces to invade North Africa by the end of 1942

 The Naval War in the Pacific • Midway

 Pivotal Allied victory at Midway, a small island guarding the approach west of Hawaii

• Guadalcanal

 Turning Points in Europe • Success in North Africa • Stalingrad

 Those Who Fought • Army acted as a cultural melting pot • Soldiers found new educational opportunities and

job skills • Infantry suffered 90 percent of battlefield casualties

“By the fall of 1942 Allied fortunes

brightened in the European war.”

• Minorities at War • African Americans

• Service offered otherwise unavailable opportunities • Mexican Americans had a high enlistment rate • Chinese Americans served at highest rate of all • Filipinos

• Powerful reasons to enlist • Choices for Homosexuals

• Women at War • WACs and WAVEs

• Mobilizing for War • Office of War Mobilization (OWM) • Auto factories retooled • Civilian volunteers

• Civil Defense; hospitals; scrap drives • Children: “Uncle Sam’s Scrappers” and “Tin-Can Colonels”

• Science Goes to War • Science and technology changed how war was fought • The Manhattan Project • Antibiotics; DDT; PVC

 War Work and Prosperity • Prosperity revived

 Hoboes of America; disabled workers • Tax Reform

 Revenue Act of 1942

 Organized Labor • War Labor Board • Lewis leads a coal strike

 Despite incidents, workers remained dedicated to war effort

• Women Workers • Womanpower fills the labor shortage

• With as many as 12 million men in uniform, women became largest untapped source of labor

• War inspired a change in economic roles for women without a revolution in attitudes about gender

• Birth rate began to rise with return of prosperity

• Mobility • Migration of workers to war industry locations

• Italians and Asian Americans • “Aliens of enemy nationality”

• Restrictions on non-citizen Italians, Germans, and Japanese • Restrictions lifted on Italian aliens in 1942 • No such tolerance for Japanese

• Concentration Camps • Issei and Nisei • Executive Order 9066

• Entire Japanese community shipped to “assembly centers”

• Minorities and War Work • A. Philip Randolph • Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC)

• Established to enforce Executive Order 8802 barring discrimination in government and defense industry hiring

• Urban Unrest • Detroit race riot • Zoot suit riots • Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) • Smith v. Allwright

 The New Deal in Retreat • Roosevelt wins a fourth term

 “Dr. Win-the-War”  Anti–New Deal coalition

“The growing anti–New Deal coalition of Republicans and

rural Democrats saw in the war an opportunity to attack

programs they had long resented.”

• The Fall of the Third Reich • D-Day

• June 6, 1944 • Battle of the Bulge

• December 1944: cost Germans their last reserves

• Two Roads to Tokyo • Westward advance along the northern coast of New Guinea

toward the Philippines and Tokyo • Naval forces under Admiral Nimitz to move up the island

chains of the Central Pacific • Battle of Leyte Gulf

 Big Three Diplomacy • Joseph Stalin and the Soviet Union

 “Friendly” neighbors: regimes dependent on Moscow • “Four Policemen”

 Soviet Union, Great Britain, United States, and China to guarantee peace through military cooperation

 The Road to Yalta • Teheran Conference • Yalta Conference

 Dispute over future of postwar Germany  Concessions to get Stalin to declare war on Japan

• The Fallen Leader • Cerebral hemorrhage killed FDR: April 12, 1945 • Truman becomes president

• The Holocaust • Anti-Semitism • Systematic extermination

• Hitler ordered extermination of all European Jews; also Gypsies, homosexuals, and others considered “deviant”

• Until fall of 1941 Jews were permitted to leave Europe, but few countries would accept them

• Zionists

 A Lasting Peace • Dumbarton Oaks and the UNO • Potsdam Summit

 Two issues: Germany’s political fate, and how much Germany would pay in reparations

 Atom Diplomacy • Should the bomb be dropped? • The bomb as a threat to the Soviets • Hiroshima and Nagasaki

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