American History #5

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U.S. A NARRATIVE HISTORY, SEVENTH EDITION DAVIDSON • DELAY • HEYRMAN • LYTLE • STOFF

“The Great Depression of the 1930s was the longest in the history of the nation; it forced virtually all Americans to live leaner lives…. “Roosevelt’s New Deal attacked the Great Depression along three broad fronts: recovery for the economy, relief for the needy, and reforms to ward off future depressions. The New Deal failed to achieve full recovery but did result in lasting changes.”

The Human Impact of the Great Depression The Tragedy of Herbert Hoover The Early New Deal (1933–1935) A Second New Deal (1935–1936) The New Deal and the American People The End of the New Deal (1937–1940)

Hard Times • Subsistence incomes • Marriage and family

 Marriages and births plummeted  Couples married later; divorce declined, but desertions

increased • Psychological impact

 Humiliation and fear: an “invisible scar”

• The Golden Age of Radio and Film • Programming helped change national habits • Radio’s unifying effect • Mass media at home and abroad

• Legion of Decency (1933)

• “Dirty Thirties”: An Ecological Disaster • Dust Bowl • Effect of commercial farming

• “Okie” migration to California portrayed in John Steinbeck’s The Grapes of Wrath (1939)

Mexican Americans and Repatriation • César Chávez • Repatriation • LULAC and ethnic identity

African Americans in the Depression • Father Divine and Elijah Muhammad • Scottsboro Boys

The Failure of Relief • Private charity dwindled

 Ethnic charities tried to help their own • City services

 TERA: Temporary Emergency Relief Administration (1931)

“By the winter of 1931–1932 the picture was bleak:

relief organizations with too little money and too few

resources to make much headway against the

Depression.”

• The Hoover Depression Program • Convinced private organizations and businesses to donate • Program failures

• Smoot-Hawley Tariff (1930) • Reconstruction Finance Corporation • Emergency Relief and Construction Act

• Stirrings of Discontent • 1932: Wisconsin dairy farmers; striking miners in Illinois; march

on Ford plant • Communist Party

• The Bonus Army • Wanted to cash in bonus certificates received from Congress in

1924 • Hoover called U.S. Army to remove protestors—many

wounded veterans

• The Election of 1932 • Republicans supported Hoover • Democrats nominated Franklin D. Roosevelt • New Democratic coalition victorious

• The Democratic Roosevelts • Belt-tightening at the White House • Polio • Importance of Eleanor “Rover” Roosevelt

• Saving the Banks • Brains Trust • Emergency Banking Act

• Extended federal assistance to banks • Roosevelt’s “fireside chat” radio broadcasts

• Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

Relief for the Unemployed • Home Owners’ Loan Act • Federal Emergency Relief Administration • Work Relief

 The Civil Works Administration (CWA)  The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

• Tennessee Valley Authority

• Planning for Industrial Recovery • National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) • Public Works Administration • National Recovery Administration • Schechter decision

• 1935; struck down the NRA

Planning for Agriculture • Agricultural Adjustment Administration

 Commodity Credit Corporation  Butler v. U.S. (1936) voided Agricultural Adjustment Act  Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act (1936)  Farm Credit Administration

“Like planning for industry, New Deal planning for

agriculture relied on private interests—the farmers—

to act as the principal planners.”

Dissent from the Deal • American Liberty League • “End Poverty in California” (EPIC)

 Upton Sinclair • Huey Long

 “Share Our Wealth” • Charles Coughlin • Francis Townsend

 Old Age Revolving Pensions, Limited, 1934

• The Second Hundred Days • Works Progress Administration • Social Security Act • National Labor Relations Act

• The Election of 1936 • Roosevelt turned the election into a contest between haves

and have-nots • Roosevelt coalition

• Traditional Democratic support in South; big cities, particularly ethnics and African Americans; labor

• Rural Electrification Administration

The New Deal and Western Water • Water management programs extended federal power

 Hoover Dam and others  All-American Canal

The Limited Reach of the New Deal • African Americans • Mexican Americans

• Tribal Rights • New Deal renewed federal interest in plight of Indians • John Collier’s Indian Reorganization Act

• A New Deal for Women • A network of activists • Women’s Division of the Democratic National Committee • New Dealers emphasize aid over employment

The Rise of Organized Labor • CAWIU farm strike • Congress of Industrial Organizations

 John L. Lewis of the United Mine Workers (UMW)  Biggest strikes in the automobile industry

• Union gains

“Art for the Millions” • Federal One

 Employed writers, musicians, painters, actors, and photographers

• Federal Writers Project (FWP); Federal Music Project (FMP); Federal Art Project (FAP)

• Rivera and Orozco  Murals stressed enduring qualities of American life

• Federal Theater Project (FTP) • Documentary realism

 Used as both propaganda and art

• Packing the Courts • Roosevelt complained that the Supreme Court had created a

“no-man’s land” • Roosevelt’s plan to change the stance of the Court

• The Court reverses direction

• The Demise of the Deal • Secretary of the Treasury Henry Morgenthau • Economist John Maynard Keynes • The Depression abroad • The “Roosevelt recession”

• The Legacy of the New Deal • Lasted five years, 1933–1938, and left a legacy of change • FDR modernized the presidency and increased the power of

the federal government • The many New Deal programs formed the outlines of the new

welfare state

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