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Chapter 24 Data Collection in Qualitative Research

Question #1

Tell whether the following statement is true or false:

Qualitative studies typically adopt flexible data collection plans that evolve as the study progresses.

Answer to Question #1

True

Qualitative studies typically adopt flexible data collection plans that evolve as the study progresses. Self-reports are the most frequently used type of data in qualitative studies, followed by observation.

Types of Data

Knowing the most likely sources of data

Open to other possible sources

Qualitative traditions

Ethnography

Phenomenology

Grounded theory

Method of data collection

Primary: interviewing

Secondary: observation

Fieldwork Issues

Gaining participants’ trust

Pacing data collection to avoid being overwhelmed by the intensity of data

Avoiding emotional involvement with participants

Maintaining reflexivity

Plans

How data will be recorded and stored

Technical equipment

Unstructured and Loosely Structured Self-Reports

Latitude in questions and answers

Yield rich narrative data

Types of Qualitative Self-Reports #1

Unstructured interviews

Semistructured interviews

Focus group interviews

Joint interviews

Life histories

Oral histories

Types of Qualitative Self-Reports #2

Critical incidents interviews

Diaries and journals

Photo elicitation and photovoice interviews

Self-report narratives on the Internet

Question #2

Tell whether the following statement is true or false:

Qualitative researchers sometimes collect unstructured observational data, often through participant observation.

Answer to Question #2

True

Qualitative researchers sometimes collect unstructured observational data, often through participant observation. Participant observers obtain information about the dynamics of social groups or cultures within members’ own frame of reference.

Preparing for Qualitative Interviews

Ensure that interviewers and respondents have a common vocabulary.

Develop and word questions to be asked; become familiar with questions.

Conduct a practice interview.

Decide how to present oneself to participants.

Decide on settings for data collection.

Obtain needed supplies.

Conducting Qualitative Interviews #1

Take steps to “break the ice” to put participants at ease.

Share pertinent information about the study with participants.

Develop rapport to gain participants’ trust.

Listen intently to guide subsequent questioning.

Conducting Qualitative Interviews #2

Probe for information as needed.

Be ready to handle emotionality.

Be prepared to manage crises (e.g., interruptions, equipment problems).

Achieve a positive closure.

Observation in Qualitative Studies

Unstructured observation in naturalistic settings

Includes participant observation

The observer role

Four-phase sequence

Getting Started in a Participant Observation Study

Gaining an overview

Windshield survey

Gaining entrée

Establishing rapport/developing trust

Question #3

Tell whether the following statement is true or false:

Observations tend to become more focused over time, ranging from descriptive observation to focused observation.

Answer to Question #3

True

Observations tend to become more focused over time, ranging from descriptive observation (broad observations) to focused observation of more carefully selected events.

Observations

Descriptive observation

Focused observation

Selective observation

Question #4

Tell whether the following statement is true or false:

Participant observers usually select events to be observed through mobile positioning by observing from a fixed location.

Answer to Question #4

False

Participant observers usually select events to be observed through a combination of single positioning (observing from a fixed location), multiple positioning (moving around the site to observe in different locations), and mobile positioning (following a person around a site).

Observational Locations in Participant Observation

Single positioning: staying in one location

Multiple positioning: moving around the site to get different perspectives

Mobile positioning: following a single participant as he or she moves to different locations

Methods of Recording Unstructured Observations

Log (field diary)

Field notes

Descriptive observational notes (focused)

Reflective notes

Methodologic notes

Theoretical notes (or analytical notes)

Personal notes