HLF 210
olatunde
Chapter2.pptxAn Invitation to Health
THE POWER OF NOW BRIEF EDITION 10 edition
Chapter 2
Your Psychological and Spiritual Well-Being
Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
1
Objectives
After reading this chapter, the student should be able to:
Identify the components of psychological health
Discuss the ways in which positive psychology enhances quality of life
Review the relationship of sleep and health
Describe the key factors related to depressive disorders, their symptoms, and treatments
Summarize four categories of anxiety disorders
Outline the patterns of attempting or committing suicide among Americans
List treatment options available for mental disorders
Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Emotional and Mental Health (1 of 4)
Characteristics of emotionally healthy people
Determination and effort to be healthy
Flexibility to deal with various circumstances
Sense of meaning and life affirmation
Understanding that the self is not the center of the universe
Compassion for others
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Emotional and Mental Health (2 of 4)
Ability to be unselfish in serving or relating to others
Increased depth and satisfaction in personal relationships
Sense of control over the mind and body that enables the person to make health-enhancing choices and decisions
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Emotional and Mental Health (3 of 4)
Characteristics of mental health
Ability to function and carry out responsibilities
Ability to form relationships
Realistic perceptions of the motivations of others
Rational, logical thought processes
Ability to adapt to change and cope with adversity
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Emotional and Mental Health (4 of 4)
Culture also helps to define psychological health
Many cultural influences affect Americans’ sense of who they are, where they came from, and what they believe
Cultural rituals help bring people together, strengthen bonds, reinforce shared values and beliefs, and provide a sense of belonging, meaning, and purpose
Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
The Lessons of Positive Psychology (1 of 4)
Aspects of the human condition that lead to happiness, fulfillment, and flourishing
Positive psychology interventions
Counting one’s blessings and expressing gratitude
Savoring experiences and practicing kindness
Pursuing meaning and setting personal goals
Building compassion for one’s self and others
Identifying and using one’s strengths
Visualizing and writing about one’s best possible self at a time in the future
Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
The Lessons of Positive Psychology (2 of 4)
Develop self-compassion
Healthy self-acceptance; conceptualizing our favorable and unfavorable attitudes
Boost emotional intelligence
Emotional intelligence: another “way of knowing”
Emotional quotient: ability to use emotions to guide thinking and actions
Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
The Lessons of Positive Psychology (3 of 4)
Meet your needs: Abraham Maslow
Human needs are motivating factors in personality development
Basic needs (e.g., food and shelter) and higher needs (e.g., safety, security, love, affection, and self-esteem)
Boost self-esteem
Feeling of belief and pride in ourselves
Develops over time
Strategy: practice positive thinking and talking
Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
The Lessons of Positive Psychology (4 of 4)
Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Pursuit of Happiness (1 of 2)
Results of happiness
Live eight to nine years longer
Make $15,000 more per year
Reduce likeliness to become divorced
Roots of happiness
Genetic component: 50 percent
Life circumstances: 10 percent
Thoughts, beliefs, and behaviors: 40 percent
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Pursuit of Happiness (2 of 2)
What makes us happier?
Focusing on time leads to greater happiness than focusing on money
Spending time and money on others rather than oneself increases happiness
Spending time and money to acquire experiences rather than possessions boosts happiness
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Become Optimistic
Extent to which individuals expect favorable outcomes to occur
Optimists expect positive experiences
Various reasons—they believe in themselves, trust in a higher power, and/or because feel lucky
Pessimists expect the worst
More likely to deny or avoid a problem, sometimes through drinking or other destructive behaviors
People can change outlook over time
Cognitive-behavioral techniques
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Manage Your Moods
Feelings come and go within minutes
A mood is a sustained emotional state that colors our view of the world for hours or days
When struggling with a bad mood, men typically try to distract themselves (a partially successful strategy) or use alcohol or drugs (an ineffective tactic); women are more likely to talk to someone (which can help) or to ruminate on why they feel bad (which doesn’t help)
Determine and change the cause of a bad mood if possible
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Spiritual Health (1 of 7)
Your spirit animates everything you say and do
Spiritual health: ability to identify basic purpose in life
Spirituality: belief in a higher power
Gives rise to strong sense of purpose, values, morals, and ethics
Serves as a compass and a guide for choices and behaviors
May be expressed through spiritual practices
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Spiritual Health (2 of 7)
Spirituality and physical health
Faith and spirituality can enhance health— and perhaps even extend life
Deepen your spiritual intelligence
Capacity to sense, understand, and tap into the highest parts of ourselves, others, and the world around us
Centers on discovery of a wisdom within
All of us are born with potential to develop spiritual intelligence, but most aren’t even aware of it
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Spiritual Health (3 of 7)
Clarify your values
Steps when choosing different paths or behaviors
Consider consequences of actions
Choose freely among options
Publicly affirm your values
Act out your values
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Spiritual Health (4 of 7)
Enrich your spiritual life
Sit quietly
Start small
Step outside
Use activity to tune into your spirit
Ask questions of yourself
Trust your spirit
Develop a spiritual practice
May be religious or non-religious
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Spiritual Health (5 of 7)
Consider the power of prayer
Most commonly used form of complementary and alternative medicine
People who pray regularly have significantly lower blood pressure and stronger immune systems, are hospitalized less often, and are less likely to smoke heavily or abuse alcohol
Has not been shown to improve either symptoms or recovery of patients undergoing various medical procedures
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Spiritual Health (6 of 7)
Cultivate gratitude
Benefits of a grateful spirit
Improved mood, energy, sleep, and less fatigue
More frequent and intense positive emotions
More positive views of the social environment
More productive coping strategies
Greater appreciation of life and possessions
Gratitude intervention: keep a diary and record three things each day for which you are grateful
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Spiritual Health (7 of 7)
Forgiveness
Letting go of anger and pain demanding your time and draining your energy
Reclaims power to choose: doesn’t matter whether someone deserves to be forgiven; you deserve to be free
Takes a lot of time: a process, not a one-time event, involving the conscious and unconscious mind
Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Sleep and Health (1 of 3)
Sleep statistics
About 35 percent of U.S. adults sleep less than seven hours a night
Women are more likely to report not getting enough sleep
African Americans report getting less sleep compared with all other ethnic groups
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Sleep and Health (2 of 3)
Student night life
Two-thirds of students report poor sleep quality
Alcohol use compounds sleep problems
Sleep’s impact on health
Nighttime sleep affects well-being
Learning, memory, metabolism, weight, safety, mood/quality of life, immunity, mental disorders, major diseases, death, and sexuality
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Sleep and Health (3 of 3)
How much sleep do you need?
Keep your wake-up time the same every morning, vary your bedtime, and evaluate
Treating sleep disorders
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT): first-line therapy for chronic insomnia
Education
Sleep restriction
Stimulus control
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Understanding Mental Health (1 of 3)
What is a mental disorder?
Clinically significant behavioral or psychological syndrome or pattern that is associated with present distress or disability
Mental health on campus
Concern about mental health on campuses has grown in recent years
Campus shootings have killed dozens
Increased students seeking psychological services
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Understanding Mental Health (2 of 3)
Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Understanding Mental Health (3 of 3)
Students at risk
History of a mental disorder
Ongoing psychiatric issues
Breakup
Financial pressures
Discrimination
Increased risk of other disorders
Minority status
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Depressive Disorders (1 of 4)
Depression in students
Key contributors to depression
Stress
Too little sleep
Academic or athletic pressures
Gender and depression
Depression twice as common in women
Brain chemistry and sex hormones play a role
Depression “looks” different in men
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Depressive Disorders (2 of 4)
Major depressive disorder
Characteristic symptoms
Feeling depressed
Losing of interest
Eating more or less
Having trouble sleeping
Feeling slowed down or lacking energy
Feeling helpless
Having difficulty thinking or concentrating
Having persistent thoughts of death
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Depressive Disorders (3 of 4)
Treating depression
Medication: most common treatment approach today
Psychotherapy: combination of psychotherapy and medication most effective approach for most
Helps pinpoint life problems that contribute to depression, identify negative or distorted thinking patterns, explore behaviors that contribute to depression, and regain a sense of control and pleasure in life
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Depressive Disorders (4 of 4)
Bipolar disorder: manic depression
Mood swings from depressive to euphoric
Affects about four percent of the population
Characteristic symptoms
Mood swings
Changes in thinking
Changes in behavior
Changes in physical condition
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Anxiety Disorders (1 of 7)
Phobias
Inordinate fears of certain objects or situations
Panic attacks
Episodes of sudden, inexplicable terror
Generalized anxiety disorder
Chronic distress or persistent, disturbing thoughts
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Anxiety Disorders (2 of 7)
Specific phobia: out-of-the-ordinary, irrational, intense, persistent fears of certain objects or situations
Animals, snakes, insects, and mice
The sight of blood
Closed spaces (claustrophobia)
Heights (acrophobia)
Air travel
Being in open or public places or situations
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Anxiety Disorders (3 of 7)
Panic attacks and panic disorder
Panic disorder develops when attacks recur or apprehension about them becomes so intense that individuals cannot function normally
Treatments: cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and medication
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Anxiety Disorders (4 of 7)
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD),
Excessive or unrealistic apprehension that causes physical symptoms
Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD)
Some of these individuals suffer only from an obsession, a recurring idea, thought, or image that they realize, at least initially, is senseless
Most people with OCD also suffer from a compulsion (i.e., repetitive behavior)
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Anxiety Disorders (5 of 7)
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Common disorder in childhood
Characteristic symptoms include inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity
Two to eight percent of young adult college students report clinically significant ADHD symptoms
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Anxiety Disorders (6 of 7)
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
Four to five times more likely to occur in boys than girls
Causes: genetic factors, maternal illness or trauma, brain abnormalities, low birth weight, and parental age
Symptoms usually occur before age two
Increasing numbers of adolescents and young adults diagnosed with ASD are entering colleges and universities
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Anxiety Disorders (7 of 7)
Schizophrenia
One of the most debilitating mental disorders
Symptoms include hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking
Strong genetic basis
Nonsuicidal self-injury
Deliberately harming oneself
Intent to relieve painful thoughts or feelings
Usually starts in the early teens
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Suicide (1 of 3)
Third leading cause of death among 10- to 24-year-olds in the United States
Most common methods are guns, hanging, and poisoning
Often the tragic consequence of emotional and psychological problems
Affects millions of lives every year
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Suicide (2 of 3)
More than 1,100 college students take their own lives every year
Many more attempt to do so
Several common causes among students
Depression or depressive symptoms
Family history of mental illness
Personality traits
Alcohol use and binge drinking
Interpersonal difficulties
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Suicide (3 of 3)
Factors leading to suicide
Suicidal behavior disorder
Mental disorders
Substance abuse
Hopelessness
Combat stress
Family history
Physical illness
Brain chemistry
Access to guns
Other factors
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Overcoming Problems of the Mind (1 of 3)
75 percent of those needing treatment do not receive treatment
College students are especially likely to delay getting help
Where to turn for help
Campus counseling, school-based support groups, community-based programs, and special emergency services
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Overcoming Problems of the Mind (2 of 3)
Types of therapy
Mental health counseling
Psychotherapy
Psychodynamic therapy
Cognitive-behavioral therapy
Behavioral therapy
Interpersonal therapy
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Overcoming Problems of the Mind (3 of 3)
Other treatment options
Psychiatric drugs
Alternative mind–mood products (e.g., herbs and enzymes)
Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
