Assignment 7.1: Community and the Aging Adult
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Chapter19.pptxLIFE-SPAN DEVELOPMENT 17e
John W. Santrock
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Chapter 19
Socioemotional Development in Late Adulthood
© 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom.
No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Chapter Outline
Theories of Socioemotional Development
Personality, the Self, and Society
Families and Social Relationships
Ethnicity, Gender, and Culture
Successful Aging
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Theories of Socioemotional Development 1
Erikson’s theory
Activity theory
Socioemotional selectivity theory
Selective optimization with compensation theory
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Theories of Socioemotional Development 2
Erikson’s theory
Integrity versus despair: involves reflecting on the past and either piecing together a positive review or concluding that one’s life has not been well spent.
Life review: looking back at one’s life experiences, evaluating them, and interpreting/reinterpreting them.
Reminiscence therapy: discussing past activities and experiences with another individual or group.
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Theories of Socioemotional Development 3
Activity theory: the more active and involved older adults are, the more likely they are to be satisfied with their lives.
Socioemotional selectivity theory: older adults become more selective about their social networks.
Spend more time with individuals with whom they have had rewarding relationships.
Classes of goals.
Knowledge-related.
Emotional.
Trajectory for each type of goal is different, as it involves the perception of time.
Courtesy of Dr.Laura Carstensen
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Theories of Socioemotional Development 4
Selective optimization with compensation theory: successful aging is related to the following:
Selection: older adults have reduced capacity and loss of functioning, reducing performance in most life domains.
Optimization: maintain performance in some areas through continued practice and use of new technologies.
Compensation: older adults need to compensate when life tasks require higher level of capacity.
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Positive Resolution of Erikson’s Eight Stages of the Human Life Span
| Conflict and Resolution | Culmination in Old Age |
| Old age Integrity versus despair: wisdom | Existential identity; a sense of integrity strong enough to withstand physical disintegration. |
| Middle adulthood Generativity versus stagnation: care | Caring for others, and empathy and concern. |
| Early adulthood Intimacy versus isolation: love | Sense of complexity of relationships; value of tenderness and loving freely. |
| Adolescence Identity versus confusion: fidelity | Sense of complexity of life; merger of sensory, logical, and aesthetic perception. |
| School age Industry versus inferiority: competence | Humility; acceptance of the course of one's life and unfulfilled hopes. |
| Early childhood Initiative versus guilt: purpose | Humor; empathy; resilience. |
| Toddlerhood Autonomy versus shame: will | Acceptance of the cycle of life, from integration to disintegration. |
| Infancy Basic trust versus mistrust: hope | Appreciation of interdependence and relatedness. |
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Idealized Model of Socioemotional Selectivity Through the Life Span
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Personality, the Self, and Society 1
Personality
The self and society
Older adults in society
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Personality, the Self, and Society 2
Personality
Conscientiousness predicts lower mortality risk from childhood through late adulthood.
High neuroticism linked to negative emotions, predicted higher frailty.
Higher conscientiousness linked to a longer life and reduced risk of developing Alzheimer disease.
Higher level of agreeableness and lower level of neuroticism less likely to develop dementia.
Higher levels of conscientiousness, openness to experience, agreeableness, and extraversion linked to positive emotions.
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Personality, the Self, and Society 3
Self and society
Self-esteem
Tends to decline significantly in the 70s and 80s because of.
Being widowed, institutionalized, or physically impaired.
Having a low religious commitment.
Declining health.
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Personality, the Self, and Society 4
Self-control
Most older adults still effectively maintain a sense of self-control.
Plays an important role in older adults’ engagement in healthy activities.
Study of 65- to 92-year-olds found self-control linked to better outcomes for well-being and depression following 6-week yoga program.
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Personality, the Self, and Society 5
Older adults in society
Stereotyping older adults
Ageism: prejudice against others because of their age.
Policy issues in an aging society
Status of the economy: concern U.S. economy cannot bear the burden of older persons who are generally consumers.
Health care: older adults increase health care cost considerably; many suffer from a chronic disease.
Eldercare: physical and emotional caretaking of older family members.
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Personality, the Self, and Society 6
Generational inequity: view that aging society is unfair to its younger members.
By receiving large allocations of resources.
Income: poverty is linked to an increase in physical and mental health problems.
Living arrangements: older adults who can sustain themselves living alone often have good health and few disabilities.
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Personality, the Self, and Society 7
Technology—Pros and Cons
Reduces likelihood of being depressed by one-third.
Adults 75 and older who connect with family, friends, and neighbors using smartphones and the Internet have a higher level of psychological well-being than their counterparts who do not.
Adults 65 and older watch an average of 51 hours, 32 minutes of television per week, contributing to sedentary behavior and less social and physical behavior.
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Degree of Personal Life Investment at Different Points in Life
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Priorities for age groups change over time. Priorities include independence, work, friends, family, health, cognitive fitness and thinking about life.
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Self-Esteem Across the Life Span
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Families and Social Relationships
Lifestyle diversity
Attachment
Older adult parents and their adult children
Great-grandparenting
Friendship
Social support and social integration
Altruism and volunteering
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Lifestyle Diversity 1
Married older adults
In 2012, 58 percent of U.S. adults over 65 years were married.
Marital satisfaction is greater in older adults than in middle-aged adults.
Retirement alters a couple’s lifestyle.
Older adults married or partnered are usually happier and live longer than those who are single.
Married L G B T individuals 50 years and over report better quality of life and more economic and social resources than unmarried partnered counterparts.
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Lifestyle Diversity 2
Divorced and separated older adults
In 2015, 13 percent of women and 11 percent of men 65 years and older in the United States were divorced or separated.
Divorce has social, financial, and physical consequences.
Remarriage is increasing due to.
Rising divorce rates.
Increased longevity.
Better health.
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Lifestyle Diversity 3
Cohabiting older adults
In 2010, 3 percent of older adults were cohabiting.
More for companionship than for love.
Psychological well-being for men seems to increase more than for women.
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Attachment
Older adults have fewer attachment relationships than younger adults.
With increasing age, attachment anxiety decreases.
In late adulthood, attachment security is associated with greater psychological and physical well-being than attachment anxiety.
Insecure attachment is linked to more perceived negative caregiver burden in caring for patients with Alzheimer’s disease.
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Older Adult Parents and Their Adult Children
Eighty percent of older adults have living children, many of whom are middle-aged.
Adult daughters are more likely to be involved in the lives of aging parents.
Adult children often coordinate and monitor services for aging, disabled parents.
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Great-Grandparenting
Four-generation families are more common.
Great-grandparents can transmit family history.
An area of little research: your future career path?
Courtesy of John Santrock
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Friendship
In late adulthood, new friendships less likely to be forged, and close friends chosen over new friends
Friendships are less problematic and negative than in younger years.
Friendships are more important than family in predicting mental health.
Individuals with close ties to friends less likely to die across a 7-year age span
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Social Support
Convoy model of social relations: individuals go through life embedded in a personal network of individuals to whom they give and from whom they receive social support
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Social Integration
Older adults have fewer peripheral social contacts and more emotionally positive contacts with friends and family.
Low level of social integration is linked with coronary heart disease in older adults.
Loneliness
18 percent of older adults reported often or frequently lonely.
Loneliness and social isolation associated with decreases in cognitive functioning.
Loneliness linked to earlier death.
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Altruism and Volunteering
Older adults with persistently low or declining feelings of usefulness to others at increased risk of earlier death
Volunteering associated with multiple positive outcomes
Constructive activities and productive roles.
Social integration.
Enhanced meaningfulness.
Lower risk of cognitive impairment.
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Ethnicity, Gender, and Culture
Ethnicity
Gender
Culture
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Ethnicity
Elderly ethnic minority individuals face both ageism and racism.
African Americans and Latinos overrepresented in poverty statistics.
More likely to become ill, but less likely to receive treatment.
Many never reach eligible age for Social Security and Medicare benefits.
Despite stress and discrimination, many ethnic minority individuals develop coping mechanisms for survival.
“Happiness paradox”.
Extended family networks.
Churches.
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Gender
May be decreasing femininity in women and decreasing masculinity in men during late adulthood
Older men may become more feminine (that is, nurturing or sensitive), but women do not necessarily become more masculine (that is, assertive or dominant).
Age differences and androgyny traits.
Older adult females face ageism and sexism.
“Triple jeopardy”: female ethnic minority older adults face three levels of discrimination.
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Culture 1
Factors that are important in living the good life as an older adult
Health.
Security.
Kinship/support.
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Culture 2
Factors that are likely to predict high status for older adults
Valuable knowledge.
Control key family/community resources.
Engage in useful/valued functions as long as possible.
Role continuity throughout the life span.
Age-related role changes that give greater responsibility, authority, and advisory capacity.
Extended family.
Respect for older adults.
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Culture 3
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Successful Aging 1
Many abilities can be maintained and/or improved in older adults due to
Proper diet.
Active lifestyle.
Mental stimulation and flexibility.
Positive coping skills.
Good social relationships and support.
Absence of disease.
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Successful Aging 2
Four factors best characterize successful aging
Proactive engagement.
Wellness resources.
Positive spirit.
Valued relationships.
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Accessibility Content: Text Alternatives for Images
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Idealized Model of Socioemotional Selectivity Through the Life Span – Text Alternative
The motivation for knowledge-related goals starts pretty high in one’s early years, peaks in adolescence and early adulthood, and then declines during middle and late adulthood. The emotional trajectory is high during infancy and early childhood, declines from middle childhood through early adulthood, and increases in middle and late adulthood.
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Degree of Personal Life Investment at Different Points in Life – Text Alternative
From ages 25 to 34, priorities are ranked as work, friends, family, independence.
From ages 35 to 54, priorities are ranked as family, work, friends, cognitive fitness.
From ages 55 to 65, priorities are ranked as family, health, friends, cognitive fitness.
From ages 70 to 84, priorities are ranked as family, health, cognitive fitness, friends.
From ages 85 to 105, priorities are ranked as family, thinking about life, cognitive fitness.
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