Human Development Chapters

Chapter 18 Relationships and Psychosocial Aspects of

Later Adulthood

The degree to which people are involved in social relationships in later adulthood is largely dependent on their social networks and support systems. Topics such as sexual relations (yes, older adults do engage in sexual activity), marriage, divorce, remarriage, widowhood, and relations with children, grandchildren, and siblings were discussed. Other important social relationships include friendships, which may be particularly poignant during older adulthood, particularly when friends outlive one another. LGBT relationships are not always viewed positively by society. However, older adults are as diverse in their sexual orientations, attitudes, and behaviors as younger individuals. Counselors can be instrumental in advocating for the rights and privileges deserved by this population. They also can be instrumental in taking action to reduce ageism and elder abuse.

Psychosocial theories of development help explain some of the ways older adults develop and change as they age, but not all adults experience these developmental changes in the same way. Also, it is important to keep in mind that later adulthood can encompass a span of almost four decades. Attempting to generalize across decades would be both inaccurate and unhelpful. With that in mind, some of the key developmental theorists who have addressed later adulthood include Erikson, Peck, Fisher, and Labouvie-Vief. Knowledge about key concepts associated with the related theories is essential for counselors working with older adults.

Retirement is a topic that has particular pertinence for older adults. Many factors figure into the decision about when an adult retires from paid work. Some of those factors are voluntary and others are involuntary (e.g., being laid off). The circumstances surrounding retirement strongly affect the manner in which men and women adjust to retirement. According to many gerontologists, older adults who adjust best to retirement are healthy, active, educated, and financially

stable. They have strong support networks and were satisfied with their lives before retirement. Adults who are financially stressed, have health issues, and have poor support systems are less likely to adjust well. Schlossberg’s transition theory helps explain the various facets of adjustment that face people going through any major change. Understanding transition theory as it relates to older adults can help you work more effectively with adults approaching retirement. Many adults find that retirement provides new opportunities to participate in leisure and volunteer activities that are meaningful and fulfilling.

Other topics covered in this chapter included socioemotional theories related to aging, personality stability and change, adversity and resilience, and spirituality and religion. As you review those topics, consider how the information included in each section will affect your interactions with the increasingly growing population of older adults. Working with older adults can be both challenging and rewarding, and counselors must continue to stay abreast of developing topics related to later adulthood.