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Chapter 17

Understanding Research Findings

Results, conclusions, interpretations, recommendations, generalizations, and implications for future research and nursing practice
Presented in two major areas:
Results
Discussion of the results

Findings

Findings are the results, conclusions, interpretations, recommendations, generalizations, and implications for future research and nursing practice

Presented in two major areas: the results and the discussion of the results.

The “results” section focuses on the results or statistical findings of a study.
The “discussion” section focuses on the remaining topics.

Also called:
Statistical analyses
Data analysis
Analysis
Should reflect analysis of each research question or hypothesis tested
Identifies tests used

Results Section

Where the quantitative data or numbers generated by the descriptive and inferential statistical tests are presented.

The results section may also be called the:

Statistical analyses
Data analysis
Analysis

Should reflect analysis of each research question and/or hypothesis tested.

The tests used to analyze the data should be identified. If the exact test that was used is not explicitly stated, then the values obtained should be noted.

Relevance or usefulness of findings:
Statistically significant findings

Design strength

Limitations identified

Bias controlled

Unsupported hypothesis

Testing existing practice

Basis for continued research

Results Section

If a hypothesis is not supported statistically, or it is only partially supported, the study is still relevant.

Unsupported studies can be used to identify limitations (problems with the study’s validity, bias, or study weaknesses).

Data from unsupported studies may suggest that current modes of practice or current theory in an area may not be supported and should be reexamined and researched further.

To report results with some detail that the investigator does not explore in the text
A good table is one that meets the following criteria:
Supplements and economizes the text
Has precise titles and headings
Does not repeat the text

Role of Tables and Figures

Discussion of the findings
The study’s limitations
Statistical significance
Clinical significance
Recommendations for:
Practice
Future research

Discussion Section

Contains:

Discussion of the findings
The study’s limitations
Recommendations for practice
Recommendations for future research

Enables the research consumer to judge the validity of the interpretations drawn from the data and the general worth of the study.

Assesses the merit of the study to determine whether the findings from one study can be generalized

Confidence Interval

Generalizability
Inferences that the data are representative of similar phenomena in a population beyond the study’s sample

Generalizations

Suggestions for application to:
Practice
Theory
Further research

Recommendations Section

The investigator’s suggestions for the study’s application to practice, theory, and further research:

What contribution to nursing does this study make?
What are the strength, quality, and consistency of the evidence provided by the findings?
Does the evidence provided in the findings validate current practice or support the need for change in practice?

Are the results of each of the hypothesis presented?
Is the information regarding the results concisely and sequentially presented?
Are the tests that were used to analyze the data presented?
Are the results presented objectively?

Appraisal for EBP: Research Findings

If tables or figures are used, do they meet the following standards?
They supplement and economize the text.
They have precise titles and headings.
They are not repetitious of the text.

Critiquing Criteria: Research Findings

Are the results interpreted in light of the hypothesis and theoretical framework, and all of the other steps that preceded the results?
If the data are supported, does the investigator provide a discussion of how the theoretical framework was supported?

Critiquing Criteria: Research Findings (Cont.)

How does the investigator attempt to identify the study’s weaknesses (i.e., threats to internal and external validity and strengths) as well as suggest possible solutions for the research area?
Does the researcher discuss the study’s clinical relevance?

Critiquing Criteria for Research Findings

Are any generalizations made, and if so are they within the scope of the findings or beyond the findings?
Are any recommendations for future research stated or implied?
What is the study’s strength of evidence?

Critiquing Criteria for Research Findings (Cont.)