Intelligence and Policing

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02/09/22

Terrorism Today: The Past, The Players, The Future

6th Edition

Chapter 14 Countering Terror

Learning Outcomes (1 of 2)

14.1 Describe the evolution of aviation security and the major events that promulgated policy changes

14.2 Recount how police and military forces had to evolve to combat and counter terrorism in the last thirty years of the twentieth century

14.3 Explain why aviation and aviation facilities remain attractive targets for terrorists

14.4 Cite the international conventions established against terrorist acts over the last sixty plus years

Learning Outcomes (2 of 2)

14.5 Describe the post 9-11 initiatives, programs and improvements to airport passenger screening

14.6 Describe the nature of dirty bombs and the threat they pose to the West in the hands of terrorists

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14.1 Describe the evolution of aviation security and the major events that promulgated policy changes

Figure 14.1 – Surface to air Stinger missile

14.1 Terrorism and Aviation (1 of 3)

➢ Aviation - target for terrorist since 1960’s – 1968 twenty-eight hijackings and attempts – to Cuba

– 1969 – eighty-two hijackings worldwide - Palestinians

➢ Passenger screening implemented to prevent hijackings

– Threats were from weapon carrying terrorists

➢ 1980’s – baggage hold – Pan Am Lockerbie – Inadequacy of aviation security finally laid bare

September 11th 2001

14.1 Terrorism and Aviation (2 of 3)

➢ Passenger Screening

➢ Tombstone Technology

➢ Proxy Suicide bomb El Al – London Heathrow

➢ IRA rocket attacks – London Heathrow

➢ Operation Bojinka – international flights

➢ Liquid bombs – London 2006

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14.1 Terrorism and Aviation (3 of 3)

Aviation facilities and infrastructure

• 1994 – IRA Heathrow Airport U.K

• 2007 – Glasgow International – Scotland

• 2014 – Jinnah International – Pakistan

• 2016 – Zaventem International – Brussels

Public areas at airports are a target for terrorists to attack

Figure 14.2 and 14.6

Left – Items used in Transatlantic airlines plot 2006 and right; blocks of C4 (inert) found in passenger baggage Tampa USA. Courtesy DHS/TSA

14.2 Recount how police and military forces had to evolve to combat and counter terrorism in the last thirty years of the twentieth century

• International Criminal Police Organization

• INTERPOL considers terrorism a crime

• Intelligence gathering – Transfer from a civilian police role to intelligence arm of

the military - such as UK’s MI5 (Secret Intelligence Service)

• Counter Terror Units – E.g. British Special Air Service

– No longer just a military unit – counter revolutionary warfare

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14.2 British SAS

✓Used in civilian environment ✓ IRA – Northern Ireland - Gibraltar

✓ 1980 - Iranian Embassy siege

✓Provides advice at terror events around the world ✓Trains with other well known counter terror units

✓SAS adapts training standards to handle specific targets and incidents

✓Special Boat Squadron – handles maritime threats

✓Australia and New Zealand SAS

14.2 Spain

✓ Grupo Especial De Operaciones (GEO) ✓Set up in 1978 with assistance from Germany

✓Following the Munich Olympic Games attack

✓ Like GSG-9 and SAS – secretive unit

✓Not well known outside Spain

✓Trains with and uses much same weaponry as its European counterparts

✓ 1981 – Barcelona bank siege – successful operation – release of all hostages

14.2 France GIGN

✓ Groupment d’intervention de la Gendarmerie Nationale (GIGN) ✓Formed after attack on Saudi Embassy – Paris and the

Munich Olympic Games attacks

✓Police unit as opposed to military

✓Handles criminal incidents as well as terrorist attacks

✓ 1994 – stormed Air France flight - Marseille

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14.2 France RAID

✓ Research, Assistance, Intervention and Dissuasion ✓Elite counter terror unit (national police)

✓Officially launched in 1985

✓Handles the threat from extremists

✓One hundred plus members

✓Reports to director general French Police

✓Maintains contacts and trains with other EU counter terror forces

14.2 Germany – GSG-9

✓Grenzschutzgruppe 9 (GSG-9) ✓ 1972 - formed after the Munich Olympic Games

massacre

✓Post WWII – at pains not to produce elite military units

✓Formed as a police unit – not military

✓Trained leadership – worked with FBI and Israeli Secret Service – raid at Entebbe

14.2 Other global response units

➢USA ➢Israel ➢Canada ➢Norway ➢Indonesia ➢India ➢Ireland ➢Egypt ➢Czech Republic ➢Oman ➢The Netherlands ➢Rhodesian SAS

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14.3 Explain why aviation and aviation facilities remain attractive targets for terrorists

• What do most all airports have in common?

• Why are airports easy targets?

• Surrounding areas of airport facilities

• Who has access to restricted areas

• Risk and opportunity

• Technology and resources

14.4 Cite the international conventions established against terrorist acts over the last sixty plus years (1 of 2)

• Tokyo Convention 1963 (safety of aviation)

• Hague Convention 1970 (aircraft hijacking)

• Montreal Convention 1971 (sabotage)

• Internationally Protected Persons 1973

• Hostages Convention 1979

• Nuclear Materials Convention 1980

• Montreal Convention on Air Safety 1988

14.4 Cite the international conventions established against terrorist acts over the last sixty plus years (2 of 2)

• Safety of Maritime Navigation 1988 (Terrorist Acts Against Ships)

• Fixed Platform Convention 1988

• Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives for the Purpose of Detection 1991

• Convention on Suppression of Terrorist bombing 1997 (UN General Assembly)

• Convention on Suppression of International Financing 1999

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Figures 14.5 and 14.8

Example of firearms at passenger screening checkpoint in 2014 and Figure 14. Disassemble .22 found at JFK in passenger’s carryon baggage

Figure 14.9

Training to detect explosive and IED’s is critical but leaving them behind for passengers and airline staff to find causes major issues for security

14.5 Describe the post 9-11 initiatives, programs and improvements to airport passenger screening

✓USA Patriot Act 2001 - creation of Department of Homeland Security

– Passenger screening – no longer airline controlled

– Transportation Security Administration

– One hundred per cent passenger baggage screening

– Special Observation Techniques

– Watch Lists and No Fly Lists

– Secure Flight program

– Advanced Passenger Screening Technologies

– Sky Marshall program

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14.6 Describe the nature of dirty bombs and the threat they pose to the West in the hands of terrorists

• Dirty Bomb – Radiological Dispersal Device – Combines conventional explosive and radioactive

materials

– Explosive will likely cause more harm than the radiation

• A weapon of mass disruption – not mass destruction

– Objective - contamination fear and anxiety

– Hospital radioactive material – relatively benign

– Threats from groups wanting nuclear materials

14.6 Chemical Weapons Use

➢ 1980 – German Red Army faction – botulin toxin Paris

➢ U.S. – Agent Orange – Vietnam War

➢ Soviet Union - chemical agents and nerve gas – Afghanistan invasion

➢ 1994 – Tokyo, Japan – Aum Shinrikyo – Sarin gas

➢ 2013 – sarin gas used in suburbs of Damascus

➢ 2016 – Islamic State – chlorine bombs used in Kirkuk, Northeast Iraq

14.6 Biological Weapons

➢ 1980 – German Red Army faction – botulin toxin Paris

➢ 1984 – Cuba stockpiling toxins

➢ 1991 – Iraq – research use of anthrax and others

➢ 1994 - Aum Shinrikyo – anthrax aerial drop

➢ 2001 – letters containing anthrax – U.S. mail service deliveries to news media and government offices – widespread panic

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14. Review Questions

1. Describe the reasons why El Al would be the most secure airline to fly.

2. List the major attacks against aviation that have changed airport security procedures for the travelling public.

3. Explain the meaning of “tombstone technology.”

4. Describe how intelligence gathering has been improved since 9-11.

5. Explain what methods the British employed to counter Provisional IRA active service units.

6. Describe how a nerve agent differs from a vesicant.