Course Reflection Paper----social science
simbasmith
Chapter13PPT1.pptxPower and the Global Community
Chapter 13
Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
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Learning Objectives
After reading this chapter, students will be able to:
Describe how poverty manifests itself in terms of hunger and disease.
Understand recent trends regarding population growth and urbanization.
Explain how poverty and population trends shape the exercise of power in the global community.
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The Global Community
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The Global Community
Globalization takes on many forms.
Increased communication, tourism, multinational corporations, international nongovernmental organizations, trade, etc.
Power in the global context
Families, workplace, governments
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Globalization in Perspective
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Globalization in Perspective
Modernization theory
Dependency theory
World systems theory
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The Global Problem of Poverty
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The Global Problem of Poverty
Modernization—poverty may be reduced by modernizing.
Dependency—poverty is the result of development.
World systems—poverty is the result of exploitation.
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The Global Problem of Poverty
Extreme Poverty
Affects 22% of the world’s people
Defined as earning $1.25 per day or less
Exists even in the richest countries
Industrial countries affected by
Rising income inequality
Growing poverty rates
Increases in long-term unemployment
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Figure 10-2
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The Global Problems of Hunger and Malnourishment
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THE Global Problems of Hunger and Malnourishment
Directly related to poverty and powerlessness
Causes 8 million deaths per year.
Environmental Causes
Drought, disaster, disease
Human-made situations
War, political structure, economic systems
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THE Global Problems of Hunger and Malnourishment
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THE Global Problems of Hunger and Malnourishment
THE LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES IN THE WORLD (IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER)
Source: http://unohrlls.org/about-ldcs/
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THE Global Problems of Hunger and Malnourishment
FIGURE 13-1 EXTREME INCOME POVERTY THROUGHOUT THE WORLD
Percentage of People Living on Less Than $1.25 a day
Source: www.gallup.com/poll/166565/one-five-worldwide-living-extreme-poverty.aspx
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THE Global Problems of Hunger and Malnourishment
FIGURE 13-2 WORLDWIDE DISTRIBUTION OF UNDERNOURISHED PEOPLE
Source: http://kff.org/global-indicator/population-undernourished/#map
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Health and Health Care in the Global Community
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Ebola
Rotavirus
Malaria
HIV/AIDS
Health and Health Care in the Global Community
Those in poverty are less likely to:
Have access to preventive healthcare
Treat disease early
Have adequate nutrition to resist and heal from disease
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Health and Health Care in the Global Community
Ebola
2014 epidemic hit Western Africa especially hard; thousands of deaths
Control is difficult; victims require complex medical care
Population sometimes resistance to protocols
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Health and Health Care in the Global Community
Preventable Diseases
HIV/AIDS
Malaria
Rotavirus
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Health and Health Care in the Global Community
Table 13-1 Countries with the Highest Percentage of Adults Living with AIDS
Source: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2155rank.html
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Health and Health Care in the Global Community
A doctor from the
international organization
Doctors Without
Borders examines a
child in the Democratic
Republic of the Congo,
where war has created
an enormous humanitarian
crisis in which refugees face violence,
malnourishment, and
lack of adequate access
to health care. As a result, millions of people, especially children, have
died of preventable
diseases such as malaria, measles, diarrhea, respiratory infections, and
malnutrition.
Per-Anders Pettersson/Contributor/Getty Image
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Health and Health Care in the Global Community
FIGURE 13-2 Where Malaria Occurs
SOURCE: www.cdc.gov/malaria/malaria_worldwide/impact.html
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Still a Global Problem: Slavery
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Trafficking in Humans for Sexual Exploitation
Child Soldiers
Child Labor
Debt Bondage
International Conventions
Still a Global Problem: Slavery
Human trafficking for prostitution
Use of children in armed conflict
Debt bondage
Child labor
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Still a Global Problem: Slavery
Trafficking in Humans for Sexual Exploitation
U.S. Dept. of State estimates 600,000 to 800,000 people annually are trafficked across international borders worldwide, including an estimated 14,500–17,500 people trafficked into the United States.
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Still a Global Problem: Slavery
Caroline Penn/CORBIS
In Volta, Ghana, girls are sometimes forced into sexual slavery to atone for the misdeeds of their male relatives. This trokosi (“slave of the gods”) is a sexual
slave and must work in the marketplace selling wares. The cord around her neck indicates her slave status.
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Still a Global Problem: Slavery
Child Labor
UNICEF defines child labor as economic activity by children under 12 years of age, economic activity by those aged 12 to 14 years old that is more than light work, or children who are enslaved, trafficked, prostituted, forced into illegal activities, or exposed to hazards.
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Still a Global Problem: Slavery
Child Soldiers
In South Sudan, children
are being forced into military service, like these Sudanese boy soldiers who are keeping watch outside
a rebel military headquarters.
Often, child soldiers are conscripted under the threat that harm will come to their families if they do not serve.
Reuters / Landov
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Still a Global Problem: Slavery
Debt Bondage
Resembles traditional indentured servitude because the victim cannot leave his or her job until money, usually an outrageous sum, is repaid.
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Still a Global Problem: Slavery
International Conventions
U.N. Conventions against Transnational Organized Crime
To combat forms of modern slavery
“Protocol To Prevent, Suppress, and Punish Trafficking In Persons, Especially Women and Children”
“Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants By Land, Air, And Sea”
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Global Population Growth
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Global Population Growth
Demography—the study of population and population changes.
Fertility rate
Mortality rate
Thomas Malthus (1794) and “neo-Malthusians (1970s)—predicted population would outpace agriculture’s ability to feed them.
Instead, life span increased, fertility rates and infant mortality rates decreased.
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Global Population Growth
TABLE 13-2 GLOBAL POPULATION FORECASTS
SOURCE: U.S. Census Bureau, International Data Base, www.census.gov/ipc/www/ idbprint.html.
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The Structure of Urban Life in the Global Community
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Numbers and Heterogeneity
Impersonal Relationships
Ethnic and Racial Diversity
Anomie
Social Control Mechanisms
Secondary Group Memberships
The Structure of Urban Life in the Global Community
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Mobility
Summary of Sociological Theory of Urbanization
Political Conflict
Structure of Urban Life in the Global Community
Half of the world’s population lives in cities
Developed world—80% live in/near cities
Less-developed countries—40% live in/near cities
Increased urbanism can lead to:
Increased economic opportunity
Personal mobility
Educational opportunity
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The Structure of Urban Life in the Global Community
FIGURE 13-4 Increases in Global Urbanization , 1950–2015
Source: http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/CD-ROM/WUP2014_XLS_CD_FILES/WUP2014-F11b-30_Largest_Cities_in_2014_by_time.xls
Source: The Department of Health and Human Services, The Center for Disease Control and Prevention, The Impact of Malaria, a Leading Cause of Death Worldwide, http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/CD-ROM/WUP2014_XLS_CD_FILES/WUP2014-F11b-30_Largest_Cities_in_2014_by_time.xls.
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The Structure of Urban Life in the Global Community
Numbers and Heterogeneity
An industrial economy means
Highly specialized jobs
Diversity in occupation, income, and education
Urban life concentrates people with different economic and occupational characteristics.
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The Structure of Urban Life in the Global Community
Ethnic and Racial Diversity
Newcomers from around the globe are drawn to urban areas.
Even people from the same nation bring different needs, attitudes, and ways of life.
The “melting pot” effect in cities may reduce some diversity over time.
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The Structure of Urban Life in the Global Community
Impersonal Relationships
Segmentalization of human relationships
Increasing numbers of people in community
Individuals know many people but only in highly segmental, partial roles.
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The Structure of Urban Life in the Global Community
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The Structure of Urban Life in the Global Community
Anomie
Urbanism contributes to a sense of social isolation; loss of personal recognition, self-worth, and feeling of participation.
Social contacts of urban dwellers are more anonymous than those of rural dwellers.
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The Structure of Urban Life in the Global Community
Secondary Group Memberships
Primary group ties
Interaction within extended family
Emphasized by rural life
Secondary group ties
Interaction among members of age and interest groups rather than families and neighbors
Emphasized by urban life
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The Structure of Urban Life in the Global Community
Social Control Mechanisms
Anomie of urban life weakens social mores and social group controls.
Social control depends on formal mechanisms
Laws, police, courts
Wider range of behavior
Crime rates increase with increases in urbanism.
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The Structure of Urban Life in the Global Community
Mobility
Ease of physical and social movement
Wider range of economic opportunities in cities
Urban dweller judged by their accomplishments versus family background
Mobility weakens the sense of community.
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The Structure of Urban Life in the Global Community
Personal Conflict
Urban life increases potential for conflict among diverse peoples with different
Occupations
Incomes
Education levels
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The Structure of Urban Life in the Global Community
Large numbers of people
Population density
Social and economic heterogeneity
Ethnic and racial diversity
Numerous but superficial relationships
Impersonality and anonymity
Greater interaction in secondary groups
Reliance on formal mechanisms of social control
Physical and social mobility
Greater potential for conflict
Summary of Sociological Theory of Urbanization
Characteristics of Urban Life
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Technology’s Increasing Role in Globalism
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TECHNOLOGY’S increasing role in globalism
Technology is changing how power is distributed throughout the world
Production
Medium of communication; globalism
Economic development
Contributes to diaspora
Politics
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