Peer Influence in Adolescence
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Chapter13.pptxLIFE-SPAN DEVELOPMENT 17e
John W. Santrock
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Chapter 13
Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood
© 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom.
No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Because learning changes everything.®
Chapter Outline
The Transition from Adolescence to Adulthood
Physical Development
Sexuality
Cognitive Development
Careers and Work
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The Transition from Adolescence to Adulthood 1
Becoming an adult
The transition from high school to college
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The Transition from Adolescence to Adulthood 2
Becoming an adult
Emerging adulthood: transition from adolescence to adulthood.
Occurs from approximately 18 to 25 years of age.
Characterized by experimentation and exploration.
Key features:
Identity exploration, especially in love and work.
Instability, self-focused, and feeling in-between.
The age of possibilities, a time when individuals have an opportunity to transform their lives.
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The Transition from Adolescence to Adulthood 3
Parents can play an important role in guiding and preparing adolescents for emerging adulthood.
Provide them with opportunities to be contributors.
Give candid, constructive, and quality feedback to adolescents.
Create positive adult connections; adolescents learn to handle autonomy maturely.
Challenge adolescents to become more competent.
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The Transition from Adolescence to Adulthood 4
Markers of becoming an adult
Holding a full-time job.
Economic independence.
Taking responsibility for oneself.
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The Transition from Adolescence to Adulthood 5
The transition from high school to college
Top-dog phenomenon.
Movement to a larger school structure.
Interaction with peers from more diverse geographical and ethnic backgrounds.
Increased focus on achievement and assessment.
Positive features.
Intellectual challenges, time with peers, different lifestyles, independence.
Negative features.
Stress and depression.
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Physical Development 1
Physical performance and development
Health
Eating and weight
Regular exercise
Substance abuse
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Physical Development 2
Physical performance and development
Peak physical performance typically occurs between 19 and 26.
Muscle tone and strength usually begin to decline around the age of 30.
Health
Emerging adults have mortality rate twice that of adolescents.
More chronic health problems.
Engage in more health-compromising behaviors.
More likely to be obese.
More likely to have a mental disorder than adolescents.
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Physical Development 3
Eating and weight
Obesity:
Linked to increased risk of hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.
Associated with mental health issues.
Factors involved in obesity.
Heredity.
Environmental factors, for example, decline in activity, low S E S versus higher S E S.
Dieting versus dieting and exercise programs.
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Physical Development 4
Binge Eating Disorder (B E D)
Recurrent binge eating without purging, feeling a lack of control.
Overweight from frequent binges without purging.
Afflicts females more than males.
B E D biological and psychological factors
Genes.
Neurotransmitter dopamine.
Afflicts adolescents from families with ineffective emotional connections.
Cognitive behavior and interpersonal therapy help.
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Physical Development 5
Regular exercise
Helps prevent chronic disorders.
Aerobic exercise: sustained exercise stimulates heart and lung activity.
Exercise benefits both physical and mental health (for example, anxiety and depression).
Strategies:
Reduce screen time and replace with exercise.
Chart your progress.
Get rid of excuses.
Imagine the alternative (for example, “What will my life be like if I lose my health?”).
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Physical Development 6
Substance abuse
Addiction: overwhelming involvement with using a drug and a preoccupation with securing its supply.
Alcohol
Pregaming: men and women drinking at home before events.
Binge drinking: more than five drinks in a row in the past 2 weeks.
Extreme binge drinking: 10 to 15 or more drinks in a row in the last 2 weeks.
Alcoholism: long-term, repeated, uncontrolled, compulsive, and excessive alcohol use impairing user’s health and relationships.
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Physical Development 7
Cigarette smoking and nicotine, e-cigarettes
Smoking linked to cancer deaths, heart disease deaths, and chronic pulmonary disease deaths.
Though adult smokers would like to quit, addiction to nicotine makes quitting challenging.
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Mortality Rates of U.S. Adolescents and Emerging Adults
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Comparison of Strategies used by Successful and Unsuccessful Dieters
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Binge Drinking in the Adolescence–Early Adulthood Transition
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Sexuality 1
Sexual activity in emerging adulthood
Sexual orientation and behavior
Sexually transmitted infections
Forcible sexual behavior and sexual harassment
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Sexuality 2
Sexual activity in emerging adulthood
Patterns of heterosexual behavior
Males have more casual sex partners, while females report being more selective.
Women still under stricter social norms and criticized for having multiple sexual partners.
About 60 percent of individuals have experienced sexual intercourse with at least one partner by the end of emerging adulthood.
Casual sex is more common in emerging adulthood.
“Friends with Benefits.”
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Sexuality 3
Heterosexual attitudes and behavior from 19 94 survey
Americans fall into three categories
have sex twice a week or more,
a few times a month, and
a few times a year or not at all.
Married (and cohabiting) couples have sex more often than noncohabiting couples.
Most Americans do not engage in kinky sexual acts.
Adultery is the exception rather than the rule.
Men think about sex far more often than women do.
Sexual activity linked to well-being from 2017 study
Higher reported sexual pleasure and intimacy predicted more positive affect and less negative affect the next day.
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Sexuality 4
Sources of sexual orientation
3.8 percent of U.S. adults report being gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transsexual.
Sexual orientation is a continuum from exclusive male–female relations to exclusive same-sex relations, and some people are bisexual.
Most likely a combination of genetic, hormonal, cognitive, and environmental factors.
Whether heterosexual, gay, lesbian, or bisexual, a person cannot be talked out of his or her sexual orientation.
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Sexuality 5
Attitudes and behavior of lesbians and gays
Many gender differences that appear in heterosexual relationships occur in same-sex relationships.
Lesbians have fewer sexual partners and less permissive attitudes about casual sex than gay men.
Hate crimes and stigma-related experiences are a special concern.
20 percent of sexual minority adults have experienced a person or property crime related to their sexual orientation.
50 percent have experienced verbal harassment.
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Sexuality 6
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs): diseases contracted primarily through sex
HIV of biggest global concern:
37 million individuals living with HIV around the world.
Half of all new infections in the 15- to 24-year-old age cohort.
Effective strategies for protecting against HIV:
Know your risk status and that of your partner.
Obtain medical examinations.
Have protected sex using condoms.
Do not have sex with multiple partners.
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Forcible Sexual Behavior and Sexual Harassment
Rape: forcible sexual intercourse with a person, female or male, who does not give consent
60 percent of rape victims, especially college students, do not acknowledge it, and nearly 200,000 rapes are reported per year in the United States.
Rape is an act of violence and humiliation.
Higher level of men’s sexual narcissism linked to likelihood of assault.
Trauma from rape can cause post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, suicidal thoughts, and substance abuse.
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The 19 94 Sex in America Survey 1
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The 19 94 Sex in America Survey 2
| How often have you had sex in the past year? | Noncohabitating men | Noncohabiating women | Cohabitating (married) men | Cohabitating (married) women |
| Never | 0% | 0% | 1% | 3% |
| A few times a year | 26% | 24% | 13% | 12% |
| A few times a month | 25% | 23% | 43% | 47% |
| 2 to 3 times a week | 19% | 15% | 36% | 32% |
| 4 or more times a week | 7% | 5% | 7% | 7% |
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Sexually Transmitted Infections 1
| STI | Description/cause | Incidence | Treatment |
| Gonorrhea | Commonly called the “drip” or “clap.” Caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Spread by contact between infected moist membranes (genital, oral-genital, or anal-genital) of two individuals. Characterized by discharge from penis or vagina and painful urination. Can lead to infertility. | 500,000 cases annually in the United States | Penicillin, other antibiotics |
| Syphilis | Caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. Characterized by the appearance of a sore where syphilis entered the body. The sore can be on the external genitals, vagina, or anus. Later, a skin rash breaks out on palms of hands and bottom of feet. If not treated, can eventually lead to paralysis or even death. | 100,000 cases annually in the United States | Penicillin |
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Sexually Transmitted Infections 2
| STI | Description/cause | Incidence | Treatment |
| Chlamydia | A common STI named for the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis, an organism that spreads by sexual contact and infects the genital organs of both sexes. A special concern is that females with chlamydia may become infertile. It is recommended that adolescent and young adult females have an annual screening for this STI. | About 3 million people in the United States annually | Antibiotics |
| Genital herpes | Caused by a family of viruses with different strains. Involves an eruption of sores and blisters. Spread by sexual contact. | One of five U.S. adults | No known cure, but antiviral medications can shorten outbreaks |
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Sexually Transmitted Infections 3
| STI | Description/cause | Incidence | Treatment |
| AIDS | Caused by a virus, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which destroys the body’s immune system. Semen and blood are the main vehicles of transmission. Common symptoms include fevers, night sweats, weight loss, chronic fatigue, and swollen lymph nodes. | More than 300,000 cumulative cases of HIV virus in U.S. 25- to 34-year-olds; epidemic incidence in sub-Saharan countries | New treatments have slowed the progression from HIV to AIDS; no cure |
| Genital warts | Caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV), which does not always produce symptoms. Usually appear as small, hard painless bumps in the vaginal area, or around the anus. Very contagious. Certain high-risk types of this virus cause cervical cancer and other genital cancers. May recur despite treatment. A new HPV preventive vaccine, Gardasil, has been approved for girls and women 9–26 years of age. | About 5.5 million new cases annually; considered the most common STI in the United States | A topical drug, freezing, or surgery |
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Cognitive Stages 1
Piaget’s view
Formal operational thought is the final stage in cognitive development, and it characterizes adults as well as adolescents.
Postformal thought
Reflective, relativistic, and contextual.
Provisional.
Influenced by emotion.
Wisdom and meaning are important developments in emerging adulthood.
Critical life experiences, reminiscence and reflectiveness, openness to experience, emotional regulation, and humor.
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Cognitive Stages 2
Creativity
Qualifying any conclusion about age and creative accomplishments are:
Magnitude of the decline in productivity.
Contrasts across creative domains.
Individual differences in lifetime output.
Impressive array of creative accomplishments can occur in late adulthood.
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Careers and Work 1
Developmental changes
Finding a path to purpose
Monitoring the occupational outlook
The impact of work
Diversity in the workplace
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Careers and Work 2
Developmental changes
From mid-20s on, individuals seek to establish their emerging career in a particular field.
Finding a path to purpose
Only 20 percent of 12- to 22-year-olds had a clear vision of where they want to go in life.
Students focus only on short-term goals.
Don’t explore the big, long-term picture of what they want to do in life.
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Careers and Work 3
Monitoring the occupational outlook
Be knowledgeable about different fields and companies.
74 percent of employers say they will hire recent college graduates.
The impact of work
Most spend
of their lives at work, working up to 50 hours per week.
Important consideration is how stressful the work is
Physical and emotional negative impact.
Work during college:
78 percent of college students are working.
Cooperative (co-op) programs: paid apprenticeship in a field one is interested in pursuing.
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Careers and Work 4
Unemployment.
Produces stress and is related to physical and emotional problems, marital difficulties, and homicide.
Dual-earner couples.
Face special challenges in balancing between work and family life.
Diversity in the workplace
Women have increasingly entered the labor force.
Increasing ethnic diversity requires a sensitivity to cultural differences and an appreciation of the cultural values that workers bring to a job.
Glass ceiling
Women and ethnic minorities still not being promoted based on accomplishment and merit, preventing career advancement to managerial or executive jobs.
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Mortality Rates of U.S. Adolescents and Emerging Adults – Text Alternative
Mortality for 12- to 17- and 18- to 24-year-old males and females is due to unintentional injury, homicide, suicide, and other reasons. Out of 100,000 young adults between the ages of 12 and 17, there are 47.1 male deaths and 24.3 female deaths. For males 18 to 24, there are 137 deaths, and for females the same age, 49.3 deaths per 100,000. Males 18 to 24 have the highest mortality rate at 137.
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Comparison of Strategies used by Successful and Unsuccessful Dieters – Text Alternative
As compared to unsuccessful dieters, the successful dieters were able to exercise for 30 minutes a day, as reported by 47 percent of successful dieters and 38 percent of unsuccessful dieters. Successful dieters were able to plan their meals, as reported by 36 percent of successful dieters and 25 percent of unsuccessful dieters. Successful dieters also weighed themselves daily, as reported by 20 percent of successful dieters and 11 percent of unsuccessful dieters.
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Binge Drinking in the Adolescence–Early Adulthood Transition – Text Alternative
The percentage of individuals reporting binge drinking at age 18 is approximately 15 percent, rising to over 20 percent for 19 to 20 year olds. Binge drinking peaks at nearly 40 percent for those 21 to 22 years old, stays at about 35 percent for those 23 to 24 years old and for those 25 to 26 years old. Binge drinking is at 30 percent for those 27 to 28 years old and 29 to 30 years old, and then drops to about 25 percent for 35 year olds.
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