3 page essay on chapter 13 pyschology

ItSaulGoodman

Chapter13.pptx

Home >Psychology homework help >3 page essay on chapter 13 pyschology

Chapter 13

Social Psychology

Chapter Preview

Social Cognition

Social Behavior

Social Influence

Intergroup Relations

Close Relationships

Health and Wellness

13-‹#›

Social Psychology

The study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people.

social cognitions

social influences

social relations

13-‹#›

Example of Social-Psychological Research

The Bystander Effect

Darley and Latané (1968)

individuals are less likely to help in an emergency when others are present

diffusion of responsibility

13-‹#›

Social Cognition (1 of 6)

How do people select, interpret, remember, and use social information?

Person Perception

physical attractiveness

“beautiful is good” stereotype

self-fulfilling prophecy

composite faces, symmetry, and youthfulness

attention paid

first impressions

Strong Handshakes

13-‹#›

Social Cognition (2 of 6)

Attributions

explanations for why people behave the way they do

Attribution Theory

attempt to discover underlying causes of behavior

internal/external causes

stable/unstable causes (permanent or temporary)

controllable/uncontrollable causes (have some power over causes but not entirely)

13-‹#›

Suggestion: Pose a scenario to students where someone (say, yourself) engages in some modestly negative behavior, such as tripping or responding to a student grumpily. Then have students suggest possible explanations for why the behavior occurred. Then compare their attributions to the types discussed on this slide. Given the fundamental attribution error which you are about to discuss on the next slide, students will tend to offer internal, stable causes. If so, prompt them to come up with external or unstable causes.

Social Cognition (3 of 6)

Attribution Errors

fundamental attribution error

overestimate the importance of internal traits

underestimate the importance of external causes

observers often explain actors’ behaviors incorrectly

actors often explain own behavior in terms of external causes

13-‹#›

Suggestion: If you conducted the discussion suggested for the previous slide, follow up with a discussion about the extent to which the fundamental attribution error played a role in the student responses proffered.

Social Cognition (4 of 6)

Heuristics: cognitive shortcuts that speed decision making

Stereotypes

Representative Heuristic

Tendency to make judgements about group membership based on physical appearance or the match between a person and one’s stereotype of a group rather than available base rate information.

false consensus effect

overestimating the degree to which everyone else thinks or acts the way we do

use our outlook to predict that of others

13-‹#›

Social Cognition (5 of 6)

Stereotype Threat

a self-fulfilling fear about being judged on the basis of a negative stereotype about our group

Social Comparison

process by which we evaluate our thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and abilities in relation to other people

social comparison theory

13-‹#›

Note: Social Comparison could be viewed as analogous to norm-referenced test scores (in contrast to criterion-referenced scores)

Social Cognition (6 of 6)

13-‹#›

The Self as a Social Object

Self-Esteem

positive illusions – views of ourselves that are not necessarily rooted in reality

self-serving bias – tendency to take credit for success and deny responsibility for failure

self-objectification – tendency to see oneself primarily as an object in the eyes of others

13-‹#›

Attitudes

beliefs about people, places, and ideas.

Can attitudes predict behavior?

when attitudes are strong

when attitudes are rehearsed

when person has vested interest

Can behavior predict attitudes?

cognitive dissonance and self perception

13-‹#›

Note: Watch out for the difference between prediction and causation

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

Discomfort Caused by Two Dissonant Thoughts

thoughts of one’s attitude versus one’s behavior

Dissonance Reduced By

changing behaviors to match attitude

changing attitudes to match behavior

13-‹#›

Self-Perception Theory (1 of 2)

Individuals make inferences about their own attitudes by perceiving their own behavior, especially if their attitudes are unclear.

Both cognitive dissonance and self-perception theory explain the connection between attitudes and behavior.

Cognitive Dissonance

Strive for consistency

I hate my job.

But I work hard at it.

I need to fix my attitude.

13-‹#›

Self-Perception Theory (2 of 2)

Self Perception

Infer our attitude

I spend all my time thinking how bad my job is.

I must really hate it.

13-‹#›

Persuasion (1 of 2)

The Communicator (credibility)

trustworthiness, expertise, attractiveness, likeability, similarity

Medium (television versus print)

The Target (age, attitude, strength)

Message (rational versus emotional strategy)

elaboration likelihood model

central route (sound, logical)

peripheral route (attractiveness, emotional power)

13-‹#›

Suggestion: Ask students to name a celebrity or otherwise famous person whose opinion they trust. Then explore with them the reasons they trust this person, tying it in to the credibility factors on this slide.

Persuasion (2 of 2)

Successful Persuasion

foot-in-the-door technique (small request at 1st)

door-in-the-face technique (biggest pitch 1st)

Resisting Persuasion

inoculation

13-‹#›

Social Behavior

We behave in social ways toward the people around us.

Two extremes of human social activity:

altruism

aggression

13-‹#›

Prosocial Behavior (1 of 2)

Altruism

an unselfish interest in helping someone else

Egoism

helping others for personal enhancement (e.g., to ensure reciprocity)

13-‹#›

Prosocial Behavior (2 of 2)

Explanations of Altruism

evolutionary

psychological factors

mood

empathy

sociocultural factors

market economies (rich people less likely to help others than middle or lower class people)

investment in established religion

gender

media influence

13-‹#›

Aggression (1 of 3)

Biological Influences

evolutionary views

genetic basis

neurobiological factors

limbic system and frontal lobes of brain

low levels of serotonin

testosterone

13-‹#›

Aggression (2 of 3)

Psychological Influences

aversive circumstances

frustration

weather, physical pain, crowding

cognitive determinants

priming

perception of unfairness

observational learning

13-‹#›

Suggestion: Ask students for examples of aggression in which they believe these factors have contributed.

Aggression (3 of 3)

Sociocultural Influences

cultural variations

culture of honor

media violence

television

violent pornography

violent video games

13-‹#›

Social Influence: Conformity

Asch’s Experiment (1951) (participants conformed to lines on a card that were incorrect because other people said so)

Factors that Contribute to Conformity

psychological

informational social influence

normative social influence

biological

Brain equates non-conformity with making an error.

Oxytocin promotes conformity.

cultural

Collectivism promotes conformity.

13-‹#›

Social Influence: Obedience (1 of 3)

Milgram’s Experiments (1965,1974) (Nazi war criminal simulation, electric shocks)

Factors that Contribute to Disobedience

disobedient models

authority figure not legitimate or not close by

victim made to seem more human

Ethical Concerns Regarding Milgram – Deception

13-‹#›

Social Influence: Obedience (2 of 3)

Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Experiment

2-week Simulation: Guards vs. Prisoners

Manifested Extreme Aggression & Abuse

Participants did not quit.

Simulation was aborted after 6 days.

Biased Sample

13-‹#›

Social Influence: Obedience (3 of 3)

13-‹#›

Group Influence

Deindividuation

erosion of personal identity and responsibility

anonymity

Social Contagion

spread of behavior,

emotions, and ideas

Group Performance

social facilitation: arousal with well-learned tasks

social loafing: reduced accountability

13-‹#›

Group Decision Making (1 of 2)

Group Risky Shift

Group decisions are riskier than average individual decisions. (ex. An indidivual may caustion someone’s changes at going into a writing career. A group may be more open to take the risk

Polarization

Discussion strengthens the individual’s position.

13-‹#›

Group Decision Making (2 of 2)

Groupthink

group harmony

impaired decision making and avoidance of realistic appraisal

symptoms of groupthink

avoiding groupthink

Majority-Minority Influence

majority: normative and informational pressure

minority: informational pressure

13-‹#›

Intergroup Relations

Group Identity

“us” versus “them”

Social Identity

define ourselves in terms of group membership

Social Identity Theory

in-groups versus out-groups

Ethnocentrism

favoring one’s own group over other groups

13-‹#›

Social Identity

13-‹#›

Prejudice

An unjustified negative attitude toward a group and its members

Explicit Versus Implicit Racism

Explanations for Prejudice

competition between groups

cultural learning

motivation to enhance self-esteem

limitations in cognitive processes

13-‹#›

Suggestion: Instructor might ask students to share experiences where they felt someone was prejudiced against them. With this sensitive topic be careful that students do not start giving examples of people in the class, or that this becomes a gossip session about mutual acquaintances, or a time to complain about their other instructors.

Stereotyping and Prejudice (1 of 2)

Stereotype

a generalization about a group

Discrimination

an unjustified negative or harmful action

How can relationships between ethnic groups be improved?

13-‹#›

Stereotyping and Prejudice (2 of 2)

Improving Interethnic Relations

Contact alone is not effective. Works best if groups:

think they are of equal status

feel an authority figure approves positive relations

anticipate emergent friendship

engage in cooperative tasks

Aronson’s jigsaw classroom

13-‹#›

Sherif’s Robbers Cave Study

13-‹#›

Close Relationships

Attraction

proximity

mere exposure effect

promise of acquaintanceship

we like those who like us

similarity

consensual validation

13-‹#›

Close Relationships: Love (1 of 2)

Romantic Love

passionate love

sexuality and infatuation

Affectionate Love

companionate love

deep caring affection

Spiritual Love

Love or respect for religious being and figures

Unquestioned loyalty

13-‹#›

Close Relationships: Love (2 of 2)

Social Exchange Theory

fair exchange of “goods”

minimize costs, maximize benefits (fades over time during relationship)

Investment Model

factors in stability of relationship

commitment to partner

investment in relationship

lack of attractive alternatives

13-‹#›

Health and Wellness

Social Ties and Health

isolation and mortality

social support and coping

Fighting Loneliness

join activities with others

act pleasant

get help

13-‹#›

Chapter Review

Investigate the features of social psychology.

Describe how people think about the social world.

Describe social behavior, particularly altruism and aggression.

Identify how people are influenced in social settings.

Discuss intergroup relations.

Explain the nature of close relationships.

Describe social processes affecting health and wellness.

13-‹#›