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Chapter13.pptxChapter 13 – Occupational Health
Essays
Allowing resubmissions of Essay 1
Due 4/29 at 11:59 PM
Use the original submission link to resubmit
Essay 2 is due 4/29 at 11:59 PM
New submission link on Blackboard
Please review the instructions document – same as Essay 1
Learning Objectives from Reading
By the end of this chapter, the reader will be able to:
Describe four events in the history of occupational health
Discuss the significance of the occupational environment for health
List physical and psychological effects of occupational hazards
State five categories of health impacts of occupational hazards
List three methods for the prevention of occupationally related disease
Definitions
Occupational disease
Occupational health
Occupational Medicine
Health outcomes caused by general or specific hazards in the workplace
All aspects of health & safety in the workplace
Medical sub-specialty focusing on the detection and prevention of occupational diseases
What are some of the examples of occupational diseases we’ve discussed?
Chimney sweeps in London…
Anthrax letters…
Toxic metals – arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, mercury, lead, nickel…
Benzene in shoemakers in Turkey…
Agent orange in Vietnam War…
Organic chemicals in agriculture…
Chemical weapons in World War I…
Bernardino Ramazzini
Called the founder of occupational medicine
Credited with descriptions of many occupational diseases (over 50 occupations)
Proposed extending the list of questions Hippocrates recommended to include “What is your occupation?”
Causes:
Dust
Chemicals
Metals
Ergonomics
Many other disease etiologies
Occupational Safety & Health Act of 1970
Efforts to ensure safe workplaces was minimal until OSH
Tort law allowed for legal remedies for injured party
Some state commissions, new technology, and life insurance provided minimal relief
Safety Appliance Act of 1893 requiring safety equipment for railroads
Bureau of Mines established in 1910 in response to safety issues
Many states established workers compensation laws
In 1970, 14,000 people were dying annually from traumatic occupational injuries
Occupational Safety & Health Act of 1970
President Richard Nixon introduced two bills to protect health and safety
They were advisory, not mandatory for employers
Stronger legislation drafted by House and Senate
Passed the Senate by 83 to 4; House by 310 to 58
Does not apply to the United States or individual state governments
Why?
Change of Guard at OSHA in 1980
Ronald Reagan defeated Jimmy Carter in 1980
Replaced Eula Bingham
Worked on benzene, arsenic, lead, carcinogens, neurological, and other issues
Appointed Thorne Auchter – a construction company executive
Reagan: “We can relieve labor and business of burdensome, unnecessary regulations and still maintain high standards of environmental and occupational safety”
National Institute of Occupational Safety & Health (NIOSH)
Part of the CDC, which is part of the US Dept. of Health & Human Services
Occupational Health & Safety Act of 1970 established NIOSH
Mandate to assure “every man and woman in the Nation safe and healthful working conditions and to preserve our human resources”
Research agency focused on study of worker safety and health
Also established by the Occupational Safety & Health Act of 1970
Part of the Department of Labor
Mission to “assure safe and healthful working conditions for working men and women by setting and enforcing standards and by providing training, outreach, education and assistance”
Creates and enforces regulations
Occupational Injuries & Illnesses in the United States
Accounts for over 5 million occupational injuries and illnesses annually
Approximately 94% are injuries
The other 6% are illnesses
64.8% of which are due to repeated trauma
11.7% due to skin diseases or disorders
23.5% due to all other illnesses
Field has become a smaller focus in recent years
Most of the good longitudinal information we have is from the early 2000’s and prior
Why?
Number of cases by type of illness, 1972-2001
Number and rates of fatal injuries, 1992-2002
Fatal injury rates by State, 2002
Nonfatal occupational injuries by industry, 2001
Rates of nonfatal occupational injuries, 1992-2001
Nonfatal occupational injuries rates by state, 2001
What’s the economic burden?
How do we prevent occupational injuries and illnesses?
Personal protective equipment
Respirators
Hearing protection devices
Eye protection
Hard hats
Changing work practices to ensure safer work environments
Control work hours and occupational exposure
Recent Issues in Occupation Health
Obama-era OSHA rule would require employers to submit data to a database of occupational injuries and illnesses
Some of that information (aggregate statistics) about companies would be made public
Trump administration postponed the submission requirement and not make information public
Obama-era OSHA had commonly used press releases to bring attention to occupational health issues and minimum wage violations
Recent Issues in Occupation Health
Questions?
