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Chapter 12:
FUNCTIONAL PSYCHOLOGY

Zeitgeist

Introduction

Fellowship ― a form of payment for students by which part or all of tuition and/or other expenses are paid by the school. In exchange, fellows provide hours of service, usually by teaching or conducting research.

Introduction

William James (1842–1910)
He became Harvard’s first professor of psychology.
Major Textbook The Principle of Psychology (1890).
The Principles of Psychology
Pragmatism ― the approach to philosophy developed by Charles Sanders Peirce, William James, and later, John Dewey that argued that truth is always a practical compromise between empiricism and idealism.

Figure 12.1

Introduction

Jamesian Psychology
Functionalism ― an early school of thought in American psychology that sought to discover ways to improve the match between organisms, their minds, and their environments.
Phenomenology ― the philosophical system that examines conscious experience itself directly, intentionally, and from one’s own point of view.

Introduction

Introduction

Hall’s Firsts:
First American PhD with a psychological topic.
Wundt’s first American student.
First research laboratory in the United States (at Johns Hopkins).
Founded the American Journal of Psychology, the first one in the United States.
Founded the American Psychological Association and served as its first president.
First president of Clark University.
Granted first PhD to an African-American: Francis Cecil Sumner (1920).

Photo 12.1

Introduction

James McKeen Cattell (1860–1944)
Cattell was the first to offer a course in statistics in the United States.
He helped found and edit the journal Psychological Review.
In 1921, Cattell and two other Columbia colleagues began the Psychological Corporation.

Introduction

Edward Lee Thorndike (1874–1949)
He was universally acknowledged as “the dean” of American psychology.
Puzzle boxes.
learning curve ― a graphical representation of the progress of learning over time with the dependent variable shown on the y-axis and time shown on the x-axis.
law of effect
law of exercise.

Photo 12.2

The University of Chicago (1892)

John D. Rockefeller wished to create a “Harvard” of the Midwest in the city of Chicago.

Functionalism

Chicago Functionalism
John Dewey (1859–1952)
James Rowland Angell (1869–1949)
Harvey Carr (1873–1954)
Columbia Functionalism
Robert Sessions Woodworth (1869–1962)
Dynamic psychology ― Woodworth’s attempt to define psychology as an eclectic discipline of activity and thought that could not be approached by any single methodology.

Functionalism as Phoenix

They were profoundly unsatisfied with Titchener’s Structuralism and Watson’s Behaviorism. Their search for a solution, however, came to an abrupt end once Behaviorism came on the scene.