Peer Influence in Adolescence
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Chapter12.pptxLIFE-SPAN DEVELOPMENT 17e
John W. Santrock
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Chapter 12
Socioemotional Development in Adolescence
© 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom.
No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Because learning changes everything.®
Chapter Outline
The Self, Identity, and Religious/Spiritual Development
Families
Peers
Culture and Adolescent Development
Adolescent Problems
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The Self, Identity, and Religious/Spiritual Development 1
Self-esteem
Identity
Religious/spiritual development
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The Self, Identity, and Religious/Spiritual Development 2
Self-esteem
Self-esteem of girls declines more during adolescence.
Self-esteem reflects perceptions that do not always match reality (for example, one’s perception of one’s own intelligence or attractiveness).
High self-esteem may refer to accurate, justified perceptions of self.
Narcissism: self-centered and self-concerned approach toward others.
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The Self, Identity, and Religious/Spiritual Development 3
Identity
Self-portrait composed of many pieces.
Vocational/career.
Political and religious identity.
Relationship, achievement, and intellectual identity.
Sexual identity.
Cultural/ethnic identity.
Interests.
Personality.
Physical identity.
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The Self, Identity, and Religious/Spiritual Development 4
Erikson’s view
Identity versus identity confusion.
Psychosocial moratorium.
Adolescents experiment with different roles and personalities.
Adolescents who cope with conflicting identities emerge with a new sense of self.
Adolescents who do not successfully resolve the identity crisis suffer identity confusion.
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The Self, Identity, and Religious/Spiritual Development 5
Developmental changes
Crisis: period of identity development during which the adolescent is exploring alternatives.
Commitment: personal investment in identity.
Marcia’s four statuses of identity.
Identity diffusion.
Identity foreclosure.
Identity moratorium.
Identity achievement.
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The Self, Identity, and Religious/Spiritual Development 6
Emerging adulthood and beyond
Key changes in identity are more likely to take place in emerging adulthood than in adolescence.
Identity does not remain stable throughout life.
Developing positive identity involves “MAMA.”
Repeated cycles of moratorium to achievement.
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The Self, Identity, and Religious/Spiritual Development 7
Cultural and ethnic identity: enduring aspect of the self that includes
Sense of membership in an ethnic group.
Attitudes and feelings related to that membership.
Many adolescents develop a bicultural identity
Identify with both their ethnic group and the majority culture.
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The Self, Identity, and Religious/Spiritual Development 8
Pride in ethnic identity group, and strong ethnic identity and connection has positive outcomes.
Linked to lower rates of substance use in adolescents.
Served a protective function in reducing risk for psychiatric problems.
Is influenced by positive and diverse friendships.
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The Self, Identity, and Religious/Spiritual Development 9
Religious and spiritual development
Religion and identity development.
Cognitive development and religion in adolescence.
Increase in abstract thinking lets adolescents consider various ideas about religious and spiritual concepts.
The positive role of religion in adolescents’ lives
Research indicates that spirituality and religiosity were positively related to well-being, self-esteem, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and openness.
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Marcia’s Four Statuses of Identity
| Identity Development Stages | Identity Status | Identity Status | Identity Status |
| Position on Occupation and Ideology | Identify Diffusion | Identify Foreclosure | Identify Moratorium |
| Crisis | Absent | Absent | Present |
| Commitment | Absent | Present | Absent |
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Developmental Changes in Religiousness from 14 to 24 Years of Age
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Families 1
Parental monitoring and information management
Autonomy and attachment
Parent-adolescent conflict
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Families 2
Parents as managers: parental monitoring and information management
Supervising adolescents’ choice of
Social settings.
Activities.
Friends.
Academic efforts.
Engaging later in sex and using condoms.
Curbing alcohol use in depressed teens.
When parents engage in positive parenting practices, adolescents are more likely to disclose information.
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Families 3
Autonomy and attachment
Parents must weigh needs for autonomy and control, independence and connection.
The push for autonomy may puzzle and frustrate some parents.
Adolescents desire to make decisions and spend time with friends.
Adolescents’ ability to attain autonomy is acquired through appropriate adult reactions to their desire for control.
When given autonomy, teens feel they have more independence and better parental relationship.
Boys are given more independence.
Cultural diversity in timing and roles must also be considered.
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Families 4
Role of attachment.
Securely attached adolescents are less likely to have emotional difficulties and to engage in problem behaviors, juvenile delinquency, and drug abuse.
Balancing freedom and control.
Parenting styles, culture, and secure attachment.
Authoritative Chinese parenting positively predicted parent-adolescent attachment.
Associated with a higher level of adolescent self-esteem and positive attachment to peers.
Maternal sensitivity throughout childhood led to secure attachment in adolescence and emerging adulthood.
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Families 5
Parent-adolescent conflict
Increases in early adolescence.
Typically involves everyday events.
Keeping a clean bedroom.
Dressing style.
Curfew.
Time spent with friends.
Rarely related to major issues.
Role of conflict
Facilitate adolescent’s transition from dependence to autonomy.
Teaches conflict and negotiation has a positive developmental function and can manage parental hostility.
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Old and New Models of Parent-Adolescent Relationships 1
Old Model
Autonomy, detachment from parents; peer worlds are isolated
Intense, stressful conflict throughout adolescence; parent-adolescent relationships are filled with daily storms and stress
New Model
Attachment and autonomy; parents are important support systems and attachment figures; adolescent-parent and adolescent-peer worlds have some important connections
Moderate parent-adolescent conflict is common and can serve a positive developmental function; conflict greater in early adolescence
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Old and New Models of Parent-Adolescent Relationships 2
Old Model
Autonomy, detachment from parents; parent and peer worlds are isolated
Intense, stressful conflict throughout adolescence; parent-adolescent relationships are filled with storm and stress on virtually a daily basis
New Model
Attachment and autonomy; parents are important support systems and attachment figures; adolescent-parent and adolescent- peer worlds have some important connections
Moderate parent-adolescent conflict is common and can serve a positive developmental function; conflict greater in early adolescence
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Peers 1
Friendships
Peer groups
Dating and romantic relationships
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Peers 2
Friendships
Most teens prefer a smaller number of friendships that are more intense and more intimate.
Friends become increasingly important in meeting social needs.
Developmental advantages occur when adolescents have friends who are.
Socially skilled.
Supportive.
Oriented toward academic achievement.
Developmental disadvantages.
Coercive friends who encourage drinking.
Conflict-ridden.
Poor-quality friendships.
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Peers 3
Peer groups
Peer pressure.
Young adolescents conform more to peer standards than children.
Boys more influenced by peer pressure involving sexual behavior than girls.
Adolescents with low self-esteem and high social anxiety most likely to conform to peers and during transitions (for example, a new school).
Cliques and crowds.
Cliques: small group averaging five or six individuals that engage in similar activities.
Crowds: larger than cliques and less personal.
Members do not spend much time together, are based on reputation or based on shared activities (for example, sports).
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Peers 4
Dating and romantic relationships
Developmental changes in dating and romantic relationships.
Three stages.
Entry into romantic attractions and affiliations at about 11 to 13 years of age.
Exploring romantic relationships at approximately 14 to 16 years of age.
Consolidating dyadic romantic bonds at about 17 to 19 years of age.
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Peers 5
Dating in gay and lesbian youth
Many date other-sex peers, which can help clarify their sexual orientation or disguise it from others.
Most gay and lesbian youth have some same-sex experience.
Some gay and lesbian youth continue same-sex dating and others, primarily heterosexual dating.
Sociocultural contexts and dating.
Cultures, values, beliefs, and traditions dictate the age at which dating begins.
Dating and adjustment.
Linked with positive development, a measure of being well-adjusted.
Adolescents feel they are more socially and romantically competent.
Negative outcomes include substance use, delinquency, and sexual behavior.
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Developmental Changes in Self-Disclosing Conversations
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Culture and Adolescent Development 1
Cross-cultural comparisons
Ethnicity
The media
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Culture and Adolescent Development 2
Cross-cultural comparisons: traditions and circumstances influencing development around the world
Health: exposure to disease, drugs, lack of health care.
Gender: boys tend to receive more education.
Family: close knit versus parents needing to work far away.
Peers: surrogate family versus restricted, especially for girls.
Time allocated to different activities: structured versus unstructured time.
Rites of passage: ceremony or ritual that marks an individual’s transition from one status to another.
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Culture and Adolescent Development 3
Ethnicity
Immigration.
Immigrants experience multiple stressors including language, separation from support systems and culture, depression, low self-esteem, and discrimination.
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Culture and Adolescent Development 4
Ethnicity and socioeconomic status
Can interact to exaggerate influence of ethnicity (that is, ethnic, not SES, explanations are given for aspects of adolescent development).
Low SES minority adolescents experience.
Prejudice, discrimination, and bias.
Stressful effects of poverty.
Middle-income minority adolescents experience.
Prejudice, discrimination, and bias.
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Culture and Adolescent Development 5
The media and media use
E-mail, instant messaging, social networking sites, chat rooms, video sharing, and photo sharing.
Multiplayer online computer games and virtual worlds.
Technology and digitally mediated communication
Adolescents increased media use via.
Cell phones.
Tablets.
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Culture and Adolescent Development 6
Increase in having a cell phone.
In 2004, 39 percent of adolescents had cell phones; it is projected that by 2019, 93 percent will have cell phones.
Daily use of social media and text messaging.
92 percent of U.S. 13- to 17-year-olds communicate with friends via text message only.
Adolescents prefer to connect with parents via voicemail.
75 percent are on social media site.
24 percent are almost constantly online on smartphones and mobile devices.
Higher level of social media use linked to higher level of heavy drinking.
Less screen time linked to better health-related quality of life.
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Developmental Changes in the Amount of Time U.S. 8- to 18-Year-Olds Spend with Different Types of Media
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Adolescent Problems 1
Juvenile delinquency
Depression and suicide
The interrelation of problems and successful prevention/intervention programs
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Adolescent Problems 2
Juvenile delinquency
Juvenile delinquent: adolescent who breaks the law or engages in behavior that is considered illegal.
Delinquency rates.
Males more likely to engage in delinquency than females.
Rates among minority groups and lower-SES youth are especially high.
Causes of delinquency.
Lower-SES culture.
Parents less skilled in discouraging antisocial behavior.
Siblings and delinquent peers.
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Adolescent Problems 3
Depression and suicide
Factors contributing to depression.
Genes.
Certain family factors.
Poor peer relationships.
Treatment of depression.
Drug therapy using serotonin reuptake inhibitors.
Cognitive behavior therapy.
Interpersonal therapy.
Suicide is the third leading cause of death in 10- to 19-year-olds.
Adolescents contemplate or attempt it unsuccessfully more often than actually commit it.
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Adolescent Problems 4
Females are more likely to attempt suicide, but males are more likely to succeed.
Risk factors for suicide.
History of family instability and unhappiness.
Lack of supportive friendships.
Cultural contexts.
Genetic factors.
Depressive symptoms.
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Suicide Attempts by U.S. Adolescents from Different Ethnic Groups
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The Interrelation of Problems and Successful Prevention/Intervention Programs 1
Four problems that affect the most adolescents
Drug abuse.
Juvenile delinquency.
Sexual problems.
School-related problems.
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The Interrelation of Problems and Successful Prevention/Intervention Programs 2
Successful intervention programs include
Intensive individualized attention.
Community-wide multiagency collaborative approaches.
Early identification and intervention.
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© 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom.
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Accessibility Content: Text Alternatives for Images
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Developmental Changes in Religiousness from 14 to 24 Years of Age – Text Alternative
A developmental study in the United States revealed that religiousness declined between ages 14 and 20. Religiousness was assessed with items such as frequency of prayer, frequency of discussing religious teachings, frequency of deciding moral actions for religious reasons, and overall importance of religion in everyday life. More change in religiousness for adolescents occurred between 14 and 18 years of age than 20 and 24 years of age. Attending religious services declined between 14 and 18 years of age and started increasing again around 20 years of age.
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Old and New Models of Parent-Adolescent Relationships 2 – Text Alternative
In the old model adolescents sought autonomy and detachment from parents, thus parent and peer worlds were isolated. Parent-adolescent relationships were filled with storm and stress on virtually a daily basis, thus the theme was intense, stressful conflict throughout adolescence. The new model stresses attachment and autonomy, and adolescent-parent and adolescent-peer worlds have some important connections. Parents are important support systems and attachment figures. Moderate parent-adolescent conflict is common and can serve a positive developmental function. Usually conflict is greater in early adolescence.
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Developmental Changes in Self-Disclosing Conversations – Text Alternative
Self-disclosure with friends rose from second grade to peak in tenth grade, and dropped slightly in college. Self-disclosure with parents increased from second to fifth grade, and then hit a low point in tenth grade and began to rise again in college.
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Developmental Changes in the Amount of Time U.S. 8- to 18-Year-Olds Spend with Different Types of Media – Text Alternative
A 2009 survey included over 2,000 8- to 18-year-olds. Results of research found that 8- to 11-year-olds used media about 6 hours a day. 11- to 14-year-olds averaged 9 hours a day. 15- to 18-year-olds averaged 8 hours a day. Media use jumps more than 3 hours in early adolescence. The largest increase in media use in early adolescence is in TV and video games. TV can be watched on a standard TV, the Internet, a computer, or cell phone. 11- to 14-year-olds also reported listening to music and using computers. Media use by 11- to 14-year-olds is over 60 hours a week and for 15- to 18-year-olds, almost 56 hours a week. While adolescents say they are multitasking, results of research have shown that multitasking results in impaired performance on many tasks.
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Suicide Attempts by U.S. Adolescents from Different Ethnic Groups – Text Alternative
Adolescent suicide attempts vary across ethnic groups and gender in the United States. Rates among males and females were studied over 1 year. Among male African Americans, attempt rates are about 6 per 100, and for African American females, about 10 per 100. Among Latino males, 8 per 100 reported attempting suicide, and Latina females, about 14 per 100 reported attempting suicide. For non-Latino white males, about 6 per 100 attempted suicide, and 10 per 100 non-Latino females attempted suicide. The suicide attempt rate for American Indian and Alaska Native males is 14 per 100. American Indian and Alaska Native females have the highest suicide attempt rate, at about 22 per 100. The suicide attempt rate among Asian American and Pacific Islander males is about 6 per 100, and among females, 12 per 100.
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