HLF 210
olatunde
Chapter12.pptxAn Invitation to Health
THE POWER OF NOW BRIEF EDITION 10 edition
Chapter 12
Alcohol and Tobacco
Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
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Objectives (1 of 3)
After reading this chapter, the student should be able to:
Outline the patterns of alcohol consumption among different populations in America
Discuss the patterns, reasons, and perils of drinking on campus
Describe the characteristics of alcohol and its effects on human health
Explain how alcohol is associated with serious health risks and disorders
Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
2
Objectives (2 of 3)
Review racial, ethnic, and gender differences in alcohol-related risks
Examine the health consequences of alcohol-related disorders
Compare the patterns of tobacco consumption among the populations in America
Outline the patterns of tobacco consumption among different groups of students
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3
Objectives (3 of 3)
Discuss gender, racial, and ethnic differences in tobacco consumption
Identify immediate effects of tobacco consumption on body and brain functions
Evaluate the serious health risks and dangers associated with cigarette smoking
Review the health risks posed by different forms of tobacco
Compare the different ways of quitting to show advantages and disadvantages of each
Analyze the harmful effects of environmental tobacco smoke on health
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Drinking in America
Many Americans drink alcohol
Most do not misuse or abuse it
Alcohol causes more disability and premature death than any cause other than heart disease
Third leading preventable cause of death in the United States
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Why People Don’t Drink
Certain people should not drink at all
Those younger than age 21
Anyone who plans to drive, operate motorized equipment, or engage in other activities that require alertness and skill
Pregnant women or those trying to become pregnant
Those taking certain medications or with certain medical conditions
Recovering alcoholics
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Why People Drink (1 of 2)
Motivations
Relaxation
Heightened sense of masculinity or femininity
Social ease
Role models
Advertising
Relationship issues
Childhood abuse or trauma
Unemployment
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Why People Drink (2 of 2)
Individuals with drinking problems often turn to alcohol for other reasons
Psychological factors
Self-medication
Depression
Inherited susceptibility
Long work hours
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Drinking on Campus (1 of 12)
Highest proportion of heavy drinkers and those with alcohol abuse disorders
18 to 25 years old
Abuse of alcohol
Primary concern for college students
Increases risk of sexual assault
College men drink more and more often than college women
Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
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Drinking on Campus (2 of 12)
Why students don’t drink
Under age 21
No access to alcohol
Parental or peer pressure
Cost
Dislike the taste
Spiritual and religious values
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Drinking on Campus (3 of 12)
Why students drink
Social norms
Coping
Party schools
Living arrangements
Weekends and special occasions
Spring break
Participation in sports
Parental attitudes
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Drinking on Campus (4 of 12)
Why students drink
First-year transition
Victimization
Trauma and abuse
Discrimination
Sexual orientation
Alcohol-related cues
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Drinking on Campus (5 of 12)
High-risk drinking on campus
Most common types of undergraduate high-risk drinking
Binge drinking
Bingeing combined with disordered eating
Predrinking
Underage drinking
Consumption of caffeinated alcoholic beverages
Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
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Drinking on Campus (6 of 12)
Who binge-drinks in college?
Four in ten college students
Why students binge-drink
Low price and easy access to alcohol
Proximity to other binge drinkers
Peer pressure and family attitudes
Early access to alcohol
Campus environment
Drinking games
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Drinking on Campus (7 of 12)
Binge drinking and disordered eating
Combination poses special dangers
Predrinking/pregaming
Drinking before going out has become increasingly common
Why is predrinking popular?
Economy, intoxication, socializing, hooking up, anxiety reduction, and group bonding
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Drinking on Campus (8 of 12)
The perils of predrinking
Predrinking increases consumption and risks
Underage drinking on campus
Students under age 21 drink less often than older students but tend to drink more heavily and to experience more negative alcohol-related consequences
Caffeinated alcoholic beverages
Increase dangers and risks
Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
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Drinking on Campus (9 of 12)
Why students stop drinking
“It was just getting old”
Vomiting
Urinating in hallways
Being physically fondled and sexual assault
Violence
Accidents, injuries, and emergency room visits
Unprotected intercourse
Vicarious experiences
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Drinking on Campus (10 of 12)
Alcohol-related problems on campus
As many as 10–30 percent of college students experience some negative consequences of drinking
Men were more likely than women to injure themselves, have unprotected sex, or physically injure another person
Women were more likely to have someone use force or threat of force to have sex with them
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Drinking on Campus (11 of 12)
Consequences of drinking
Other problems linked to drinking
Atypical behavior
Academic problems
Risky sexual behavior
Sexual assault
Intimate partner violence
Unintentional injury
Consequences beyond college
Illness and death
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Drinking on Campus (12 of 12)
Drinking and driving
The most frequently committed crime in the United States
Impairs driving-related skills
Secondhand drinking problems
Loss of sleep
Interruption of studies
Assaults and vandalism
Unwanted sexual advances and harassment
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Understanding Alcohol (1 of 3)
Ethyl alcohol (ethanol)
Type of alcohol in beverages
Hand sanitizers can contain as much as 60 percent alcohol
Consumption can be fatal
Amount of alcohol in drinks varies
Beer: 5 percent alcohol
Wine: about 12 percent alcohol
Distilled spirits: 50 percent alcohol
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Understanding Alcohol (2 of 3)
Blood–alcohol concentration
Amount of alcohol in your blood is affected by many factors
How much and how quickly you drink
What you’re drinking and eating
Your size, gender, age, race, and family history
Other drugs
Expectations
Physical tolerance
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Understanding Alcohol (3 of 3)
Moderate alcohol use
Even “light” drinkers can experience alcohol-related problems
Alcohol intoxication
Can range from mild inebriation to loss of consciousness
Alcohol poisoning
Medical emergency requiring immediate treatment
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The Impact of Alcohol on the Body (1 of 5)
Alcohol is directly and quickly absorbed into the bloodstream through the stomach walls and upper intestine
Typical drink reaches the bloodstream in 15 minutes
Digestive system
Alcohol first reaches the stomach, where it is partially broken down; alcohol in the bloodstream eventually reaches the liver
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The Impact of Alcohol on the Body (2 of 5)
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Figure 12.4 The Effects of Alcohol Abuse on the Body
Alcohol has a major effect on the brain, damaging brain cells, impairing judgment and perceptions, and often leading to accidents and altercations. Alcohol also damages the digestive system, especially the liver.
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The Impact of Alcohol on the Body (3 of 5)
Weight and waists
Alcohol in a single drink adds about 100 calories to your daily intake
Cardiorespiratory system
Alcohol gets mixed reviews regarding its effects on the cardiorespiratory system
Cancer
Overall past and current drinking may contribute to about 10 percent of all cancer cases in men and 3 percent in women
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The Impact of Alcohol on the Body (4 of 5)
Brain and behavior
Moderate amounts of alcohol can have disturbing effects on perception and judgment
Impaired perceptions
Dulled smell, taste, and sensation
Altered sense of space
Impaired motor skills
Sleep problems
Impaired sexual performance
Less impulse control
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The Impact of Alcohol on the Body (5 of 5)
Interaction with other drugs
Alcohol can interact with other drugs
Prescription and nonprescription
Legal and illegal
Immune system
Chronic alcohol use can inhibit the production of white and red blood cells
Increased risk of dying
Alcohol kills
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Alcohol, Gender, and Race
Gender
Men drink more frequently and consume larger quantities of alcohol
Women absorb 30 percent more alcohol into bloodstream than men
Result: women become intoxicated more easily
Race influences tendency to drink
Whites drink more than African Americans
Asian Americans tend not to drink at all
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Alcohol-Related Disorders (1 of 2)
Some symptoms of alcohol use disorder
Drinking larger amounts of alcohol or for a longer time than intended
Strong urge or craving to use alcohol
Persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to reduce alcohol consumption
Using alcohol in hazardous situations
Alcoholism
Chronic, progressive, and often fatal disease
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Alcohol-Related Disorders (2 of 2)
Causes of alcohol use disorder
Genetics
Parental alcoholism
Drug abuse
Stress and traumatic experiences
Medical complications
Liver and cardiorespiratory disease
Cancer and brain damage
Vitamin deficiencies and digestive problems
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Treatment for Alcoholism
Most widely prescribed medications
Disulfiram (Antabuse)
Acamprosate (Campra)
Naltrexone (Revia, Decade, and Vivitrol)
Cognitive–behavioral therapies
Reinforce motivation to abstain, enhance coping skills, facilitate self-change, and deal with adverse effects
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Recovery
Lifelong process of personal growth and healing
First 2–3 years are the most difficult
Relapse prevention includes the development of coping strategies
Social skills training has proven effective in decreasing the duration and severity of relapses
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Tobacco in America
Why people smoke
Limited education and underestimated risks
Adolescent experimentation and rebellion
Stress
Parental role models
Addiction
Genetics
Weight control
Mental disorders
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Tobacco Use Disorder
DSM-5, the American Psychiatric Association
A problematic pattern of tobacco use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress
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Tobacco Use on Campus (1 of 2)
About 12 percent of students report smoking in the previous 30 days
Most smokers start before age 18
White students have highest rates of smoking
Students may smoke to manage stress
Social smoking
Social smokers smoke less often and are less dependent
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Tobacco Use on Campus (2 of 2)
College tobacco-control policies
More than 1,300 schools have 100 percent smoke- or tobacco-free policies
Enforcement of campus tobacco bans varies, and student smokers often ignore or disregard their schools’ policies
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Smoking, Gender, and Race
35 percent of males in developed countries smoke
50 percent in developing countries
Some specific risks to men
Increased risk of prostate cancer
Reduced sexual performance
Some specific risks to women
Osteoporosis
Impacts on fertility
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Tobacco’s Immediate Effects
How nicotine works
Nicotine is a dangerous, addictive drug
Directly affects the brain
Tar and carbon monoxide
Tobacco produces tar, a carcinogen
Smoke contains carbon monoxide
400 times the level considered safe
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Health Effects of Cigarette Smoking
Some of the many negative impacts
Premature death
Heart disease and stroke
Cancer
Respiratory diseases
Diabetes mellitus and rheumatoid arthritis
Gum disease
Anxiety and panic attacks
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Emerging Tobacco Products
Electronic cigarettes
Water pipes (hookahs)
Other forms of tobacco
Cigars
Pipes
Bidis
Clove cigarettes
Smokeless tobacco
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Quitting Tobacco Use (1 of 2)
Physical benefits
After 15 smoke-free years, risk of smoking-related cancer drops to same level as those who never smoked
Psychological benefits
Less likely to report anxiety or depression
Quitting
More than 90 percent of former smokers quit on their own
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Quitting Tobacco Use (2 of 2)
Nicotine-replacement therapy
Allows smokers to taper off gradually
Nicotine gum
Nicotine patches
Nicotine inhaler
Medications
Electronic cigarettes
Simulate the act of smoking and provide smokers with a “fix”
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Environmental Tobacco Smoke
Mainstream smoke
Inhaled by smokers
Sidestream smoke
Inhaled by everyone around a smoker
Contains twice as much tar and nicotine
Many negative health effects
Thirdhand smoke
Nicotine residue left on furniture, walls, and carpet
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