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Chapter 12

Personality

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Psychodynamic

Humanistic

Trait

Personological/Life Story

Social Cognitive

Biological

Assessment

Health and Wellness

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Personality

A pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize the way an individual adapts to the world

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Psychodynamic Perspectives

Theoretical view emphasizing that personality is primarily unconscious.

Understanding personality involves exploring the symbolic meanings of behavior and the unconscious mind

Early childhood experiences sculpt the individual’s personality

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Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory

Freud and Psychoanalysis

sex drive – main determinant of personality development

Hysteria

physical symptoms without physical cause

overdetermined – multiple unconscious causes

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Personality Structure (1 of 2)

instincts and reservoir of psychic energy

pleasure principle

Ego

deals with the demands of reality

reality principle

Superego

moral branch of personality; “conscience”

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Discussion: Have class identify celebrities or fictitious characters that embody the ID, EGO, and SUPEREGO, respectively.

Personality Structure (2 of 2)

Iceberg Analogy of Human Personality

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Note: Instructor may choose to use this slide at several different points in lecture: (1) after Id/Ego/Superego are introduced; (2) after Unconscious processes and Repression are introduced; or (3) after Defense Mechanisms are enumerated. Reposition slide as appropriate.

Defense Mechanisms (1 of 2)

Conflict between the id, ego, and superego results in anxiety.

Defense Mechanisms

reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

not necessarily unhealthy

Repression

push unacceptable impulses out of awareness

foundation for all defense mechanisms

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Note: Instructors should note that the use of defense mechanisms is an unconscious process and that their use can be beneficial to us and/or society. For example, it would be unhealthy for anyone to be constantly and vividly focused on all the painful and loathsome experiences one has ever had.

Defense Mechanisms (2 of 2)

Repression: forget the unacceptable

Rationalization: claim different motive

Displacement: shift feelings to new object

Sublimation: transform vile to valuable

Projection: attribute own faults to others

Reaction Formation: convert to opposite emotion

Denial: disbelieve present reality

Regression: revert to earlier, “safer” period

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Suggestion: Provide concrete illustrations of each defense mechanism

Psychosexual Stages (1 of 2)

Oral Stage: 0-18 Months

infant’s pleasure centers on the mouth

Anal Stage: 18-36 Months

child’s pleasure involves eliminative functions

Phallic Stage: 3-6 Years

child’s pleasure focuses on the genitals

Oedipal complex

castration anxiety

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Psychosexual Stages (2 of 2)

Latency Stage: 6 Years – Puberty

psychic “time-out”

interest in sexuality is repressed

Genital Stage: Adolescence and Adulthood

sexual reawakening

source of sexual pleasure is someone else

Fixation - Remain locked in particular developmental stage (e.g., anal retentive)

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Dissenters and Revisionists (1 of 2)

Sexuality

not pervasive force behind personality

Early Experience

not as powerful as Freud thought

Importance of Conscious thought

Sociocultural Influences

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Dissenters and Revisionists (2 of 2)

Horney’s Sociocultural Approach

both sexes envy the attributes of the other

need for security, not sex, is primary motivator

Jung’s Analytical Theory

collective unconscious and archetypes

Adler’s Individual Psychology

perfection, not pleasure, is key motivator

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Evaluating Psychodynamic Theory

Criticisms

too much emphasis on early experiences

too much faith in unconscious mind’s control

too much emphasis on sexual instincts

theory can not be tested

Contributions

importance of childhood experiences

development proceeds in stages

role of unconscious processes

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Humanistic Perspectives (1 of 3)

emphasis on a person’s capacity for personal growth and positive human qualities

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Humanistic Perspectives (2 of 3)

Abraham Maslow

third force psychology

self-actualization

peak experiences

biased since focus was on highly successful individuals

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Suggestion: Remind students of Maslow’s hierarchy from the Motivation and Emotion chapter.

Humanistic Perspectives (3 of 3)

Carl Rogers

personal growth and self-determination

unconditional positive regard

conditions of worth

self-concept

empathy

genuineness

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Suggestion: Alert students that we will be revisiting Carl Rogers in the chapter on Therapy, and these principles will be central.

Evaluating Humanistic Perspectives

Contributions

self-perception is key to personality

consider the positive aspects of human nature

emphasize conscious experience

Criticisms

too optimistic about human nature

promotes self-love and narcissism

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Trait Perspectives (1 of 2)

Trait

an enduring disposition that leads to characteristic responses

traits are the building blocks of personality

Trait Theories

people can be described by their typical behavior

strong versus weak tendencies

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Note: Trait theory stands in contrast to personality theorists who claim that the whole is greater than the some of its parts. While trait theorists claim that a personality can be understood by listing off the traits that go into that personality, critics insist that a tiger is more than a pile of tiger parts, and a personality is more than a pile of traits. While this slide is not yet the point for critiquing trait theory (that comes a few slides down the road) without knowing the alternative view, the statements that “Traits are building blocks” and “People can be described by their typical behavior” may come across as harmlessly banal when in fact a controversial theoretical claim is being put forth.

Trait Perspectives (2 of 2)

Gordon All port

personality understood through traits

behavior consistent across situations

lexical approach  4500 traits

W. T. Norman

five factor model

broad traits – main dimensions of personality

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Five Factor Model of Personality (1 of 7)

Openness

Imaginative Practical

Variety Routine

Independent Conforming

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Note: Each of the five personality factors is far more than a trait. First of all, a personality factor is not a unipolar characteristic, but a bipolar continuum. For example, the factor is not simply “Imaginative” but varying degrees ranging from “Very Imaginative” to “Very Practical.” Secondly, the factor is not one continuum, but a cluster of correlated continua. For example, it is not simply “Imaginative v. Practical” but also “Independent v. Conforming” etc.

The claim is that collectively the five factors capture the basics of human personality. In other words, it is being claimed that if you can only know five things about a person, the most informative five things to know would be where they stand on each of these five factors. That is quite a strong claim. And within the context of trait theory (and within the United States), a well supported claim.

Five Factor Model of Personality (2 of 7)

Openness

Imaginative Practical

Conscientiousness

Organized Disorganized

Careful Careless

Disciplined Impulsive

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Five Factor Model of Personality (3 of 7)

Openness

Imaginative Practical

Conscientiousness

Organized Disorganized

Extraversion

Sociable Retiring

Fun-loving Somber

Affectionate Reserved

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Five Factor Model of Personality (4 of 7)

Openness

Imaginative Practical

Conscientiousness

Organized Disorganized

Extraversion

Sociable Retiring

Agreeableness

Softhearted Ruthless

Trusting Suspicious

Helpful Uncooperative

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Five Factor Model of Personality (5 of 7)

Openness

Imaginative Practical

Conscientiousness

Organized Disorganized

Extraversion

Sociable Retiring

Agreeableness

Softhearted Ruthless

Neuroticism / Stability

Calm Anxious

Secure Insecure

Self-Satisfied Self-Pitying

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Five Factor Model of Personality (6 of 7)

Do the big five show up in the assessment of personality in cultures around the world?

Yes, especially extraversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness

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Note: More or less, they do, with extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness being the most clearly shared cross-culturally.

Five Factor Model of Personality (7 of 7)

Do the big five personality traits show up in animals?

Yes, in dogs and hyenas.

Individual traits have been identified in: fish, lizards, birds, and orangutans

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Evaluating Trait Perspectives

Contributions

traits influence health, cognitions, career success, and interpersonal relations

Criticisms

ignores the role of the situation in behavior

ignores nuances of an individual’s personality

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Personological Perspectives

focusing on an individual’s life history or life story

Henry Murray

personology: the study of the whole person

motives are largely unconscious

thematic apperception test (TAT)

need for achievement, affiliation, and power

Criminal Profiling

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Life Story Approach

Dan McAdams

our life story is our identity

intimacy motivation

Psychobiography

applying personality theory to one person’s life

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Evaluating Life Story Approach

Contributions

rich record of an individual’s experience

Criticisms

difficult and time-consuming

extensive coding and content analysis

prone to bias

not easily generalized

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Social Cognitive Perspectives (1 of 4)

Emphasis is on conscious awareness, beliefs, expectations, and goals.

Incorporates principles from behaviorism when exploring:

Reasoning

Beliefs

self reflection

interpretation of situation

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Note: You might help the students make the following connection: When they are not being treated as synonymous, the Social Cognitive Approach is closely allied with Social Learning Theory

Social Cognitive Perspectives (2 of 4)

Albert Bandura

reciprocal determinism

behavior, environment, and cognitive factors interact to create personality

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Social Cognitive Perspectives (3 of 4)

Albert Bandura

reciprocal determinism

behavior, environment, and cognitive

factors interact to create personality

Key Processes and Variables

observational learning

personal control

self-efficacy

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Social Cognitive Perspectives (4 of 4)

Walter Mischel

Situationalism

behavior and personality vary considerably across context

CAPS Model of Personality

stability over time rather than across situations

interconnections among cognitions and emotions affect our behavior

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Reciprocal Determinism

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Evaluating Social Cognitive Theory

Contributions

focuses on interactions of individuals with their environments

suggests people can control their environment

Criticisms

too concerned with change and the situation

ignores the role of biology

very specific predictions hinder generalization

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Biological Perspectives (1 of 3)

Personality and the Brain

brain damage alters personality

brain responses correlate with personality

Eysenk’s Reticular Activation System Theory

extraverts and introverts have different base-line levels of arousal

Gray’s Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory

behavioral activation system and behavioral inhibition system

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Biological Perspectives (2 of 3)

Role of Neurotransmitters

growth of dopamine receptors stimulated by warm care-givers

disposes person to reward-sensitivity (extraversion)

less serotonin in circulation leads to negative mood (neuroticism)

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Biological Perspectives (3 of 3)

Behavioral Genetics

twin studies reveal substantial genetic influence on Big Five traits

most traits influenced by multiple genes

Evaluating the Biological Perspective

ties personality to animal learning, brain imaging, and evolutionary theory

criticisms (e.g., biology may be the affect, not the cause, of personality)

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Personality – Stability versus Change

Traits are stable by definition yet positive traits increase across adulthood (social maturity).

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Personality Assessment (1 of 5)

Self-Report Tests

beware social desirability

empirically-keyed tests used to get around social desirability problem

test takers do not know what is being measured

test items not related to purpose of test

MMPI is an example

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Personality Assessment (2 of 5)

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

567 items

controls for social desirability

assesses mental health and used to make hiring decisions and to determine criminal risk

Neuroticism Extraversion Openness

Personality Inventory-Revised

assesses the big five factors and 6 subdimensions

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Suggestion: It could be interesting to bring in sample questions resembling those found in these instruments.

Personality Assessment (3 of 5)

Myers Briggs Type Indicator

four dimensions used to make personnel decisions:

extraversion-introversion

sensing-intuiting

thinking-feeling

judgment-perception

not empirically supported

Barnum effect

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Personality Assessment (4 of 5)

Projective Tests

psychodynamic approach

project own meaning on ambiguous stimuli

Rorschach Inkblot Test

personality score based on description of inkblots

questionable reliability and validity

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Suggestion: It might be interesting to ask for student responses to the Rorschach and TAT slides to simulate taking those tests.

Personality Assessment (5 of 5)

Projective Tests

psychodynamic approach

project own meaning on ambiguous stimuli

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) or Picture Story Exercise (PSE)

series of ambiguous pictures viewed one at a time

elicited stories reveal an individual’s personality

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Suggestion: It might be interesting to ask for student responses to the Rorschach and TAT slides to simulate taking those tests.

Other Assessment Methods

Direct Behavioral Observation

Cognitive Assessment of Attention and Memory

Peer Ratings

Psychophysiological Measures (e.g., polygraph)

Brain Imaging

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Health and Wellness (1 of 2)

Personality Traits Correlated with Health

conscientiousness

personal control

self efficacy

optimism

type A/type B behavior pattern

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Health and Wellness (2 of 2)

Subjective Well-Being

A person’s assessment of own positive affect relative to negative affect, and evaluation of own life in general.

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Discussion: Suppose you watch a movie that is excellent for two hours, but then its ending is stupid and poorly done. Was it a good movie or a bad one? Does the bad ending ruin the movie, or does the good beginning salvage it? Alternatively, suppose you get in a major car wreck, but walk away unscathed and end up buying a somewhat better car with the insurance money: Is that overall a good event or a bad one? Is the last thing that happens the important thing? Does bad have more impact than good? Why? Not everyone will agree to any given analysis of these questions. Help the students to see that personality (personal perspective) rather than objective logic is the basis for our answers to such questions. Finally, help them see that personal perspectives that tend toward negativism can be less healthful than ones that tend toward positives.

Chapter Review

Define personality and summarize the psychodynamic perspectives.

Describe humanistic perspectives.

Describe the trait perspectives.

Describe the personological and life story perspectives.

Describe the social cognitive perspectives.

Describe the biological perspectives.

Characterize the main methods of personality assessment.

Summarize how personality relates to health and wellness.

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Note: Instructors may use the learning objectives presented on this slide to review the chapter material.