Discussion 3: Research a Identity Theft OR Cybervictimization Case of Your Choice

Property and Identity Theft

Victimization

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 Most common type of victimization

 National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) includes theft, motor vehicle theft, and household burglary

Property Victimization

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 Also called larceny-theft

 FBI definition—”unlawful taking, carrying, leading, or riding away of property from the possession or constructive possession of another”

Theft

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 Most common reported crime victimization

◦ 2015 UCR—over 5.7 million larceny-thefts

 Rate of 1,775.4 per 100,000 persons

 Only 29% of thefts reported to police in 2015

◦ 2015 NCVS—11,142,310 thefts, accounting for 57% of all victimizations

 2 times as many as reported in UCR

Extent of Theft

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 Cost of larceny

◦ UCR—average cost to victim is $929, $5.3 billion annual cost

◦ NCVS—average loss of $403

Costs

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 Theft rates highest for households: ◦ Headed by Whites

◦ Headed by younger people (aged 12–19)

◦ With total income of less than $7,500

 As the number of people in the household increases so does risk of theft

Theft Victims?

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 Attractive items

 Who you hang-out with

 Living in high crime/disorder neighborhoods

 College students

*Capable guardianship decreases risk

Risk Factors

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 Not just cars

 Does not include theft of vehicle contents

 Does not include carjacking

Motor Vehicle Theft

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According to the NICB the 2016 most stolen cars (by make and model) are:

1. Honda Accord

2. Honda Civic

3. Ford Pick-Up (full size)

4. Chevrolet Pick-Up (full size)

5. Toyota Camry

6. Nissan Altima

7. Dodge Pick-Up (full size)

8. Toyota Corolla

9. Chevrolet Impala

10. Jeep Cherokee/Grand Cherokee

2016 Top 10 Stolen Vehicles

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 UCR 2015—707,758 motor vehicle thefts reported to police ◦ Rate of 220.2 per 100,000 persons in the United

States

 NCVS 2015—564,160 motor vehicle thefts

*High likelihood that crime will be reported to the police

Extent of Motor Vehicle Theft Victimization

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 Costs to victim—$7,001 (UCR); $6,286 (NCVS)

 Nationally, costs almost $4.9 billion annually ◦ Over 20% of victims lose time from work

 About 50% of victims report vehicle recovered

 Thefts most often occur: ◦ at night

◦ near victim’s home

Characteristics

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 Vehicles that are more suitable targets ◦ Easy to steal

◦ Vehicles with parts that are easy to sell

◦ Vehicles without VIN numbers

 Capable guardianship ◦ Physical—locks, steering column locks, ignition cut-

off systems, and electronic tracking devices

Risk Factors

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 Only 13% of motor vehicle thefts cleared by LE

 Federal legislation dealing with motor vehicle theft ◦ Motor Vehicle Theft Law Enforcement Act (1984)

◦ Anti-Car Theft Act (1992)

◦ Motor Vehicle Theft Prevention Act of 1994

◦ Anti-Car Theft Improvements Act of 1996

 State hot lines for reporting “chop shops”

 Target hardening approaches

Response to Motor Vehicle Theft

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 “The unlawful entry of a structure to commit a felony or theft” ◦ Entry does not have to occur by force

 Home invasion—residential burglary occurring when someone is home and offender intends to harm, use force, or use violence against residents

Household Burglary

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 UCR 2015—1,579,527 burglaries ◦ Almost 20% of all property crimes

◦ Most occur during the day

◦ Average loss $2,316 per

◦ 51% reported to LE

 NCVS 2015—2,904,570 burglaries

Extent of Household Burglary

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 In 28%, someone was home

 40% occurred between 6 a.m. and 6 p.m.

 65% of burglaries involving violence committed by someone known to victim

 High risk: rental; households with young people

Characteristics

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 Lack capable guardians

 Appealing target: ◦ Middle- or high-income neighborhood

◦ Expensive homes

◦ Home on familiar route along major arterial route

Appealing Homes

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 The use of personal identifying information by a person to commit some type of fraud

 One of the fastest-growing types of consumer fraud

 Can involve account hijacking, creating new accounts, creating synthetic identity

Identity Theft

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 Computers provide access to personal information

 Shoulder surfing  Skimming—devices placed on ATMs  Dumpster diving for physical mail  Phishing—using deceptive emails or fake

websites to obtain information  Spyware—software that collects info from

computers  65–70% of identity theft committed by

employees with access to sensitive information

Identity Theft

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 Not measured by UCR  NCVS Identify Theft Supplement (began 2008) ◦ Estimated 17.6 million people affected during

2013 ◦ Over 2/5 experienced multiple incidents

◦ Most common act—unauthorized use of credit card or bank account info

 332,646 identity theft complaints made to FTC in 2014 ◦ Most common was government

document/benefits fraud (39%) and credit card fraud (17%)

Extent of Identity Theft

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 People often unaware of victimization

 Only 8% notified law enforcement

 87% contacted credit card company or bank

Characteristics of Identity Theft Victimization

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 Persons 25-64 at greater risk than younger persons

 Risk of victimization increases with income

 Highest rates of identity theft (2014): ◦ Florida

◦ Washington

◦ Oregon

Who Is Victimized by Identity Theft?

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 Suitable targets

 People will not curtail Internet usage even if they fear victimization

Risk Factors

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 Identity theft costs in 2014 totaled $15.4 billion ◦ Average loss per victim was $1,343

◦ 14% suffered unreimbursed out-of-pocket cost

 9% of victims spent over a month clearing up problems

Consequences

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 Federal legislation: ◦ New Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act of

2003

◦ CAN-SPAM Act of 2003

◦ Identity Theft Penalty Enhancement Act (2004)

 Education

Responses

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 Financial

 Long term impact

 Loss of something meaningful

 Emotional impact on victims

Consequences of Victimization

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