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Chapter 11:
BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY

Zeitgeist

  • History of Biology.

Introduction

  • Psychophysiology ― the scientific study of the relationships between the physiological mechanisms of the body and corresponding cognitive states.
  • William Harvey (1578–1657)
  • The first to observe that the heartbeat was composed of two phases: systolic (when the heart contracts), and diastolic (when the heart relaxes and expands).

Biology Before Darwin

  • Taxonomy ― the discovery, naming, and classification of animals, plants, and other living things.

Darwin’s Influence on Biology and Psychology

  • Charles Darwin (1809–1882)
  • HMS Beagle.
  • Charles Darwin’s book, The Origin of the Species was published in 1859.
  • Natural selection ― the competitive process by which organisms that are better adapted to survive the environmental conditions around them survive, and thus, reproduce more successfully leaving more off spring, and gradually altering the population characteristics of their own species.

Figure 11.1

Darwin’s Influence on Biology and Psychology

  • Creationism the belief that God created all things in substantially the same form as they presently exist and that they did not evolve from distant ancestors.
  • Intelligent design ― the theory that all living things on earth were created by a designer because no other mechanisms can account for the observed complexity of nature.

Neuroanatomy

  • Phrenology
  • Phrenology arose from the research of Franz Joseph Gall (1758–1828).
  • The Organization of the Spinal Cord
  • Sir Charles Bell (1774–1842) of England and François Magendie (1783–1855) of France, independently discovered the organization of the spinal cord
  • Bell-Magendie Law.

Neuroanatomy

  • Communication Between the Senses and the Brain
  • Johannes Müller’s (1801–1858) Law of Specific Nerve Energies.
  • Transducer ― In physiology, transducers are the specialized organs, such as the eye and ear, that convert physical energy into neural information.
  • Vitalism ― the doctrine that physical and chemical forces alone are insufficient to explain living things, an additional and unknown life force is required.

Neuroanatomy

  • Communication Between the Senses and the Brain
  • Hermann Helmholtz (1821–1894)
  • Handbook of Physiological Optics.
  • Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory of color vision.

Psychophysics

  • Naïve Ideas About Sensation and Perception
  • By the end of the 19th century, research in psychophysics had overturned many of those older, naive assumptions about the similarity and consistency of human perception.

Psychophysics

  • Scientific Psychophysics
  • Ernst Weber and the JND
  • Weber’s Law.
  • ΔI/I = k
  • Gustav Fechner (1801–1887)
  • S = k log I
  • Outer psychophysics
  • Inner psychophysics
  • Elements of Psychophysics in 1860.

Insert Photo 11.1 Here

Animal Intelligence and Comparative Psychology

  • Continuity ― the idea that all living things are related to each other to some degree.
  • Darwin 1872, The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals.
  • Comparative psychology was part of early psychology that grew out of its border with biology.

Psychometrics

  • Francis Galton (1822–1911)
  • Hereditary Genius (1869).
  • He coined the phrase “nature vs. nurture.”
  • Coin the word: “eugenics.”
  • The science which deals with all influences that improve the inborn qualities of a race; also with those that develop them to the utmost advantage.