Intelligence and Policing

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Terrorism Today: The Past, The Players, The Future

6th Edition

Chapter 11

Southern and Southeast Asia

Learning Outcomes (1 of 2)

11.1 Summarize how Partition in India fuels current day events and terrorist activity

11.2 Describe how the fight for control of Kashmir fuels unrest and violence between India and Pakistan

11.3 List the Sri Lankan terrorist front organizations and the methods used by them to garner both financial and political support

11.4 Describe the role played by the Pakistani ISI and its involvement over several decades as a supporter of terror organizations

Slide 2 is list of textbook LO numbers and statements

Learning Outcomes (2 of 2)

11.5 Describe the close relationship between the Taliban and al Qaeda

Slide 2 is list of textbook LO numbers and statements

Figure 11.4

Map of India

11.1 Summarize how Partition in India fuels current day events and terrorist activity

India – a British colony

Religious turmoil and sectarian violence

1945 population:

400 million

250 million Hindus

95 million Muslims

6 million Sikhs

Mahatma Gandhi – Indian National Congress

11.1 Partition of India

1947 – Britain grants India Commonwealth status

Jawaharlal Nehru – India’s first Prime Minister

Violence erupts between Muslims and Hindus

Britain partitions the region – incompatible religions

Muslims to the north Hindus to the south

Muslim majority regions

East and West Pakistan created

Anger and animosity continues into 21st century

Figure 11.5

Map of Pakistan

11.1 India and Pakistan

Nuclear capable neighbours

Pakistan has influenced and supported terrorist organizations

Both countries claim rights disputed Kashmir

1947 Nehru refused Pakistan control of Kashmir

Destabilizing India by support to Sikh nationalists

Kashmir is a Muslim dominated region

Attacks against Hindus

LeT – Army of the Pure

The LeT is based in Kashmir and Jammu – was designated a Foreign Terrorist Organization by US and then reluctantly by Pakistan in 2000.

The LeT attacked the Indian Parliament – this caused India to send 700,000 troops to its border with Pakistan

LeT likely received training and support from Pakistan’s ISI

Figure 11.2

Suicide attacks by year 2000-2015

Figure 11.3

Suicide attacks by country/location, 2000-2015

11.1 Islamic extremist – LeT – Army of the Pure - Pakistan

Base – Lahore Pakistan

Training – religious schools - Pakistan

Targets – Hindus and Indian interests

Support – Pakistan and Saudi Arabia

Operations – Indian Parliament, train stations, hotels and restaurants

The attacks generated by LeT have grown in their audacity – the Mumbai hotels and trains attacks are an example of that.

At the hotels the terrorists targeted foreigners and Christians and released any Muslims they found

The ISI has used groups such as LeT to destabilize India

11.1 Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT)

Let – formed in 1990’s

2000 office across Pakistan

Funded – ISI

Trained and fought with the Taliban

Ideology –

Union of Muslim majorities

Regions surrounding Pakistan

Goals

Destruction of India and creation of an Islamic State

11.1 Islamic extremism – Soldiers of the Caliph

Islamic State – presence in India

Most Indian Muslims reject IS ideology

Junud-al-Khalifa (JKH)

Internet recruiting

Indian fighters – IS – Syria and Iraq

Arrests in early 2016

Al Qaeda connection

11.1 Soft Targets – Mumbai -2008

LeT – five two-man teams

Arrive Mumbai via boat

Leopold – popular with tourists

Mumbai Central Railway Terminus

The Taj Mahal Hotel – foreign businessmen

The Oberoi Trident Hotel – foreign tourists

Nariman House – Jewish Outreach

11.1 Timeline – Targets - Mumbai

9.30 – 1st team attacks Railway Terminus

9.30 – 2nd team attacks Leopold then joins team 3 and attacks Taj Hotel

9.30 – 4th team attacks Oberoi

9.30 – 5th team attacks Jewish Center

Hostages and standoff

Indian Special Forces – forty hour siege

11.1 Mumbai – Outcome

Forty hour siege

One hundred and seventy-four killed

Three hundred and eleven injured

Jewish Center – a killing zone

Mostly all casualties were Indian

All ten attackers – Pakistani

Nine killed and one captured

Satellite phones – control from Pakistan

11.2 Describe how the fight for control of Kashmir fuels unrest and violence between India and Pakistan

Sikhism – the Punjab and Khalistan

The Shiromani Gurudwara Prabandhak Committee (SGPC) – Indian Sikh terrorist movement

Punjab – tight conservative control and influence

Formation of a Sikh state – Khalistan in Punjab

Pakistan – opportunity to destabilize India

Support for Sikh extremist movement in Punjab

1980’s training for Sikh terrorist by Pakistan

11.2 Sikh threat to India

1984 – Golden Temple – Amritsar – Kashmir

Significant Holy place – Sikh religion

Attack on Temple by Indian police

Sikh separatist violence escalates

Training for Sikh terrorists in mujahideen camps – Afghanistan

Sikh reprisals - assassination

11.2 Kashmiri liberation – Inter Service Intelligence Agency - Pakistan

Pakistan – sponsoring terrorist groups - Kashmir

ISI - Darra Pakistan – weapons supply and acquisition

K2 Program

Harakat-ul-Ansar – formed 1993

Islamist group based in Pakistan

Operates in Kashmir

Long term program of destabilization

Supplied with weapons and training

Attack Indian security forces in Kashmir as well as civilian targets

11.2 Political Assassinations

1948 – Mahatma Gandhi – spiritual leader

Assassinated by young Hindu fanatic

1984 – Indira Gandhi – India’s Prime Minister

Assassinated by her Sikh bodyguards

1991 – Rajiv Gandhi – President Indian Congress Party

Assassinated – LTTE suicide bomb

2007 - Benazir Bhutto

Assassinated by gunman and suicide bomber

Figure 11.13

Map of Sri Lanka

11.3 List the Sri Lankan terrorist front organizations and the methods used by them to garner both financial and political support

Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE)

Formed in 1976

Demand autonomous state for Tamils

Sinhalese Government

1983 - armed conflict with Sri Lankan gov’t begins

Quarter million Tamils flee

Asylum in the west – UK, Canada and USA

Front organizations

World Tamil Association

World Tamil Movement

Federation of Associations of Canadian Tamils

The Ellalan Force

Internet Black Tigers

Figure 11.11

Suicide attacks by year India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka 2000-2015

11.4 Describe the role played by the Pakistani ISI and its involvement over several decades as a supported of terror organizations

Lawless border region with Afghanistan

Taliban – Mountainous regions and Khyber Pass

Islam – most prominent religion in both countries

Weak government in Islamabad

11.4 Inter Services Intelligence Agency

Pakistan’s principle security apparatus

Interferes in regional stability

Jammu, Punjab and Kashmir

Operates numerous Kashmiri training camps

Uses LeT to pit Muslim against Hindu

Proxy group (LeT) for its campaigns against India

International Sikh Youth Foundation

Funding, training and weapons procurement

Aims to create a common front

Khalistan and Kashmiri terrorist groups

Pakistan was a willing partner in the Bush Administrations War on Terror while General Pervez Musharraf remained in control of Pakistan – this support brought him into conflict with political opponents and also strong Muslim groups.

In 2008 Musharraf resigned rather than face the consequences of impeachment.

His replacement was Asif Ali Zadari the widower of assassinated former Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto. He was not a political activist and was better known for his convictions on corruption charges!

Harakat – ul- Ansar, an Islamic militant group with bases in Pakistan – its members also train in Afghanistan with Taliban fighters

11.4 Pakistan and Afghanistan

Islamic militants Egyptians, Algerians, Palestinians, Saudis and others

Afghanistan ninety per cent Sunni Muslim population

Pakistan and Afghanistan base for training

Free movement across northern border with Pakistan

Chechnya, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Tajikistan, Kashmir and the Philippines – trained fighters

Mullah Dadullah – Taliban military mastermind

11.4 Madrassa Training for terrorists

Mullah Dadullah Mastermind – Taliban insurgency

Recruits from Islamic schools in Karachi

Raised support, money and weapons in Pakistan

Trained suicide bombers and executed traitors

Sentenced in absentia to life in prison – Pakistani Court

2007 – killed Helmand Province

Lal Masjid Mosque (Red Mosque) – Islamabad

1965 – Established fundamentalist teaching

2007 – home to jihadists – links to 2005 London bombers

Tribal areas – Lal Masjid Brigade – military camp

11.4 Figure 11.7

Abbottabad Compound – Pakistan – where U.S. Special Forces killed Osama bin Laden

Despite the death of bin Laden, al Qaeda network remains

Bin Laden will be remembered by history as the man who revived the idea of pan Islam.

The idea of pan Islam had long been derailed in the Arab world by national self-interest and the great flirtation with socialism

From socialism came secularism and the one-party state where democracy failed. Al Qaeda exemplified bin Laden’s jihadist version of Islam and for a while appealed to the poor and disenfranchised.

Across the globe, local and regional groups found common cause in the mantra of global jihad. Bin Laden’s appeal also rested on the fact that he had brought down one superpower in Afghanistan and could do so again with the United States

11.5 Describe the close relationship between the Taliban and al Qaeda

Al Qaeda – The Base

Osama bin Laden

Palestinian cleric Abdullah Azzam

Soviet invasion of Afghanistan

AQ supported and trained by U.S. and Britain

Recruited thousands of fighters for mujahideen

Soviet withdrawal

Global dispersal of jihadists

AQ present in over one hundred countries

Supports and aligned - numerous terror group

11.5 Al Qaeda links

Egyptian Islamic Jihad

The Libyan Islamic Fighting Group

The Islamic Army of Aden

Jama’ at al-Tawhid Wal Jihad (Iraq)

Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jaish-e-Mohammed (Kashmir)

Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan

Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (Algeria)

Armed Islamic Group (Algeria)

Abu Sayyaf Group (Philippines)

Jemaah Islamiyah (Southeast Asia)

11.5 al Qaeda ideology

The West is a threat to Islam

Sunni Islam is the ‘True’ Islam

Removal of western influence – Muslim countries

Create Islamic Caliphate

Unite broad grievances – ‘global conspiracy’

Conduct spectacular attacks against West

11.5 The Taliban

1988 – Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan

Taliban rule – welcomed control and discipline

Taliban – extreme Islamic doctrine and Sharia law

Osama bin Laden relocates to Afghanistan

Mullah Omar – Pakistani ISI support

Insurgency groups linked to Taliban

Decade of deprivation

11. Review Questions

1. Describe how terrorist organizations are allowed to flourish in Pakistan.

2. Explain why Kashmir remains an ongoing flashpoint between nuclear India and Pakistan.

3. List and explain the tactics used by the Sri Lankan terrorist movements.

4. Describe the role played by the Taliban in the development of Afghanistan after the Soviet invasion.

5. Explain why the death of Osama bin Laden did not lead to the end of global jihad.

Intelligence and Policing

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