mangament discussion
Ran2
Chapter11.pptxChapter 11
Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity
2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
Chapter Objectives
Explain the relationship between sex, gender, sexual orientation, and gender identity
Discuss the experiences of sexual minorities in organizations
Explain the similarities and differences between sexual minorities and other non-dominant groups
Compare population estimates, education, and income levels of gay men and lesbians with those of heterosexual men and women
11-2
2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
Chapter Objectives (cont’d)
Examine misperceptions about sexual minorities at work, negative outcomes associated with being closeted, and benefits of full inclusion of sexual minorities
Suggest individual and organizational measures that can be employed to include sexual minorities as valued employees, customers, and constituents
11-3
2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
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Introduction and Overview
11-4
2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
Terminology
Component of sexuality characterized by enduring emotional, romantic, sexual, and/or affectional attractions to individuals of a particular gender
Sexual orientation
Gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender, or otherwise non-heterosexual individuals
Sexual minorities
Individual’s internal sense of gender
Gender identity or expression
Fear of homosexuals
Homophobia
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2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
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Terminology (cont’d)
People whose gender identity differs from their biological sex or societal expectations for people of their sex
Transgender
Ideological system that denies, denigrates, and stigmatizes any non-heterosexual behavior, relationship, identity, or community
Heterosexism
Cultural ideologies and practices that normalize and support heterosexuality and the binary gender system
Heteronormativity
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2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
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History of Gay Rights in the United States
11-7
2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
Gay Rights in the U.S.
Earliest known gay rights organization formed in Chicago in 1924
Society for Human Rights
First national gay rights organization founded in 1951
Mattachine Society
National lesbian organization founded in 1956
Daughters of Bilitis
Modern beginning of the gay rights movement
Stonewall Riots, Greenwich Village, 1969
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2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
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Population, Education, and Income Levels
11-9
2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
Gays and Lesbians: Demographics
Estimated as 4% to 17% of total population
Population
Gays and lesbians appear to have higher education levels than heterosexuals
Education
Lesbians earn more compared to educated heterosexual women
Gay men earn less compared to heterosexual men
Income levels
11-10
2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
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Relevant Legislation
11-11
2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
Legislation
Absence of uniform federal legislation
Executive Order 11478, 1998
Prohibits sexual orientation discrimination in federal civilian workplaces
Does not include other employers
Amended in July 2014 to include prohibition of discrimination based on gender identity
11-12
2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
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Legislation (cont’d)
Prohibits discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity
Executive Order 11246
Used by victims of workplace sexual harassment and gender-based stereotyping
Title VII
Supreme Court ruled that harassment may occur between people of the same sex
Oncale v. Sundowner
11-13
2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
Organizational Policies and Benefits
11-14
2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
Same-Sex Partner Benefits
Offered by most Fortune 500 companies
Firms with more progressive nondiscrimination policies have higher stock performance
Legalization of same-sex marriage adds complexity to organizational attempts for inclusion
11-15
2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
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HIV/AIDS at Work: Unfounded Fears
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2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
Unfounded Fears of HIV/AIDS
Add to the resistance of employers to provide domestic partner benefits
Reality
Half of the new HIV infections in 2010 were caused by other reasons
Risk of contracting HIV/AIDS while at work is very small
HIV/AIDS is a protected disability under the ADA
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2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
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Determinants of Attitudes Toward Gays and Lesbian
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2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
Factors Affecting Attitudes Toward Gays and Lesbian
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Sex
Education
Marital status
Strength of religious beliefs and practices
2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
Codes of Silence, or Out at Work?
11-20
2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell (DADT) Policy
Passed in 1993 under President Bill Clinton
Led to the discharge of 13,000 gays and lesbians from the U.S. Military due to:
Fear of reduced cohesion
Fear of reduced enlistment of heterosexuals
Beliefs about the right to privacy of heterosexual personnel
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2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
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Being Out at Work
Stigma
Deviations from the desired norm in a specific context
Passing
Conscious concealment of non-dominant group membership which is not apparent
Covering
Individual efforts to minimize non-dominant sexual orientation in order to fit in, make others feel comfortable, or progress career-wise
11-22
2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
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Benefits of being Out, Drawbacks of Being Closeted
Benefits
Higher affective commitment and job satisfaction
Consider top management as being supportive
Lower role ambiguity, role conflict, and conflict between work and home
Drawbacks
Lower willingness to undertake organizational citizenship behaviors
Lower satisfaction
Perception of lower promotional opportunities
11-23
2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
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Recommendations for Individuals
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2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
Recommendations
Participate in employment searches and careers that minimize discrimination
Seek out organizations that include sexual orientation in their nondiscrimination policies and offer equality in partner benefits
Consider using job referrals from friends and allies
Resist being channeled into jobs that others perceive as appropriate
11-25
2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
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Recommendations for Organizations
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2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
Organizational Recommendations
Provide a supportive climate
Train, educate, and discipline employees by dispelling misperceptions about special rights and fears of transmitting HIV/AIDS
Enact organizational policies of inclusion and zero tolerance for discrimination
Leaders must be prepared for resistance and stay committed to the plan
11-27
2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
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Key Terms
Associational stigma
Covering
Gender identity or expression
Gross-ups
Heteronormativity
Heterosexism
Homophobia
Passing
Sexual minorities
Sexual orientation
Stigma
Transgender
11-28
2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
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Questions to Consider
Some states and cities have legislation prohibiting discrimination based on sexual orientation, weight, appearance, and other factors that are not covered under federal legislation. What factors may affect the passage of such legislation in some areas but not in others? Is sexual orientation discrimination prohibited in the city or state in which you live?
11-29
2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
Questions to Consider (cont’d)
When the U.S. armed forces were first integrated there was tremendous opposition, but integration has been accomplished. How similar and different is the opposition to the open service of gays and lesbians in the military to that for the integrated service of Blacks and Whites?
11-30
2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
Questions to Consider (cont’d 1)
What is the official policy on sexual orientation discrimination in the organization in which you work or are interested in working? With or without non-discrimination policies, what is the climate toward LGBT in the organization?
How is the invisibility of sexual orientation similar to or different from the invisibility of religion?
11-31
2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
Questions to Consider (cont’d 2)
In Individual Feature 11.2, Pascal Lepine proposes that gays and lesbians may also be more open to others who have also been marginalized in society. In what kinds of situations have devalued, disenfranchised, and marginalized groups in the United States supported each other’s causes? When have they undermined or resisted each other’s causes?
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2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
