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3/19/2020 Soil Organisms and Ecology (Chapter 11) Notes - AGRI1050R50: Introduction to Soil Science (2020S)

https://gotoclass.tnecampus.org/d2l/le/content/8094442/viewContent/60403409/View 1/12

Soil Organisms and Ecology (Chapter 11) Notes

Soil Organisms and Ecology (Chapter 11) Notes

Did you know .... Did you know that there are more organisms in a gram of soil than there are people on this planet? Chapter 10 highlights the terrific abundance of life that happens right under our feet! The chapter will discuss life in soil from large to small and their incredible importance in soil quality and health.

Lecture content notes are accompanied by videos listed below the notes in each submodule (e.g. Soil Organisms and Ecology (Chapter 11) Videos A though E). Print or download lecture notes then view videos in succession alongside lecture content and add additional notes from each video. The start of each video is noted in parenthesis (e.g. Content for Video A) within each lecture note set and contains lecture content through the note for the next video (e.g. Content for Video B).

Figures and tables unless specifically referenced are from the course text, Nature and Property of Soils, 14th Edition, Brady and Weil.

Content Video A

Soil Organisms and Ecology

AGRI1050R50: Introduction to Soil Science (2020S) LH

3/19/2020 Soil Organisms and Ecology (Chapter 11) Notes - AGRI1050R50: Introduction to Soil Science (2020S)

https://gotoclass.tnecampus.org/d2l/le/content/8094442/viewContent/60403409/View 2/12

Universal Phylogenetic Tree

http://openi.nlm.nih.gov/detailedresult.php?img=2793248_1745-6150-4-43-27&req=4

General Size Classifications

3/19/2020 Soil Organisms and Ecology (Chapter 11) Notes - AGRI1050R50: Introduction to Soil Science (2020S)

https://gotoclass.tnecampus.org/d2l/le/content/8094442/viewContent/60403409/View 3/12

Life in Soil

Table 1-2. Principles and Applications of Soil Microbiology, Second Edition, Silva et al.

Content Video B

Plant Breakdown – Soil Food Web

3/19/2020 Soil Organisms and Ecology (Chapter 11) Notes - AGRI1050R50: Introduction to Soil Science (2020S)

https://gotoclass.tnecampus.org/d2l/le/content/8094442/viewContent/60403409/View 4/12

Cell Types

http://www.bio.miami.edu/dana/106/106F14_2.html

Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes

3/19/2020 Soil Organisms and Ecology (Chapter 11) Notes - AGRI1050R50: Introduction to Soil Science (2020S)

https://gotoclass.tnecampus.org/d2l/le/content/8094442/viewContent/60403409/View 5/12

Cell Metabolism Carbon Source: Heterotroph vs Autotroph

Heterotroph: Organic Carbon

Autotroph: CO2

Energy Source: Chemotroph vs Phototroph

Chemotroph: Reduced Inorganic Compounds

Phototroph: Light (photosynthesis)

Join names together – Carbon and Energy Source

Oxygen Requirements Energy Generation – Requires TEA Obligate Aerobes – Must have Oxygen Obligate Anaerobes – Function w/o Oxygen Facultative Anaerobes – Prefer Oxygen, but can do without (TEA: nitrate, sulfate)

Start Video C

Soil Animals Burrowers

Moles, Voles, Mice, Prairie Dogs, Earthworms Earthworms – Natural Tillers

Physically and chemically process OM Distribute OM in soil profile Casts – Excrement – Build soil structure Burrowing channels – Water and Aeration Prefer soils: High OM, neutral pH, moist conditions, no-till Indicator of Soil Health!

Review: OM – Organic Material (plant detritus, tissues, etc.)

3/19/2020 Soil Organisms and Ecology (Chapter 11) Notes - AGRI1050R50: Introduction to Soil Science (2020S)

https://gotoclass.tnecampus.org/d2l/le/content/8094442/viewContent/60403409/View 6/12

g (p )

Ants and Termites Tropical and Arid Environments Soil Mixers – Destroy Soil Structure Termites

Powerful gut microbes Methane Gas

Nematodes and Protozoa Nematodes: Microscopic Soil Worms

Saprophytic: Eat plant detritus Parasitic: Plants and animals Significant Plant Pathogen

Soybean Cyst Nematodes

http://www.ipm.iastate.edu/ipm/icm/2006/9-18/scn.html\

Protozoa: Single Celled Capture and Engulf Food Help maintain active and diverse bacterial population

3/19/2020 Soil Organisms and Ecology (Chapter 11) Notes - AGRI1050R50: Introduction to Soil Science (2020S)

https://gotoclass.tnecampus.org/d2l/le/content/8094442/viewContent/60403409/View 7/12

Soybean Cyst Nematodes

http://extension.entm.purdue.edu/nematology/soybeannems.html

http://extension.entm.purdue.edu/nematology/soybeannems.html

3/19/2020 Soil Organisms and Ecology (Chapter 11) Notes - AGRI1050R50: Introduction to Soil Science (2020S)

https://gotoclass.tnecampus.org/d2l/le/content/8094442/viewContent/60403409/View 8/12

Rhizosphere

Start Video D

Soil Fungi Multicellular, Heterotrophs Molds, Mushrooms, Yeasts Most are filamentous – Molds and Mushrooms

Hyphae – filaments Mycelia – matt or group of filaments

SOM Formation Primary degraders of lignin and cellulose Dominant in Forest Soils – Acidic Conditions

Soil Structure – Aggregate Stabilization Glomalin Hyphae platform

Fungi: Good, Bad, Ugly Mycorrhizae – Symbiosis Plant Root and Fungus

Most plants have these relationships Increased H2O/P uptake for plant – Carbon/Energy for Fungi Plant less susceptible to other pathogens

Chemicals – Antibiotics – Penicillin Mycotoxins - Aflatoxin – Aspergillus

Warm-Humid regions Acute and Chronic Issues – Liver Dry Crops: Corn, Sorghum, Nuts, etc. Issue in human AND animal feed

Plant Pathogens – Agronomy and Horticulture Billions $$ Loss - Most crops, especially cereal grains Root Rots, Rusts, Wilts, etc. Fusarrium (Root Rots, Wilts) and Phakospora (Soybean Rust)

3/19/2020 Soil Organisms and Ecology (Chapter 11) Notes - AGRI1050R50: Introduction to Soil Science (2020S)

https://gotoclass.tnecampus.org/d2l/le/content/8094442/viewContent/60403409/View 9/12

Nematode Trapping Fungi

Start Video E

Bacteria Prokaryotes – Unicellular Carbon, Energy, Oxygen

Chemoheterotrophs – Large portion Chemoautotrophs – Nutrient Cycling Oxygen: Aerobes vs Anaerobes - TEA

Reproduction – Binary Fission Geometric Growth Resistant spores survival

3/19/2020 Soil Organisms and Ecology (Chapter 11) Notes - AGRI1050R50: Introduction to Soil Science (2020S)

https://gotoclass.tnecampus.org/d2l/le/content/8094442/viewContent/60403409/View 10/12

Importance of Bacteria Decomposition of organic substrates Formation of SOM – Humus Stabilize soil structure Nutrient Cycling Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria

Soil Bacteria

Environmental Microbiology, Third Edition, Pepper et al.

Environmental Microbiology, Third Edition, Pepper et al.

Archaea Unicellular Prokaryotes ‘Ancient’ Bacteria-like but own domain Live in extreme environments:

Hot springs Ocean vents Salt Flats Methanotrophs

Big research topic – Range of abilities

3/19/2020 Soil Organisms and Ecology (Chapter 11) Notes - AGRI1050R50: Introduction to Soil Science (2020S)

https://gotoclass.tnecampus.org/d2l/le/content/8094442/viewContent/60403409/View 11/12

Actinomycetes Bacteria that look like fungi Geosmyns – Characteristic ‘soil smell’ Prefer alkaline conditions

Antibiotics Tetracycline Amoxicillin Ciprofloxacin

Promoting Healthy Soil Organisms

Review What three domains are utilized to classify all living things in the Universal Phylogenetic tree? What are the most abundant (#s) group of organisms in soil? What are the most abundant by biomass in soils? What is the MAIN difference between a eukaryote and a prokaryote? What does the term chemoheterotroph mean? What metabolic category do most bacteria fall? If an organisms prefers oxygen but can function without it what type of organism is this? Why are earthworms considered an indicator of soil health? How do ants and termites destroy soil structure? What are microscopic worms in soil called? What agronomic crop is most susceptible to these worms?

3/19/2020 Soil Organisms and Ecology (Chapter 11) Notes - AGRI1050R50: Introduction to Soil Science (2020S)

https://gotoclass.tnecampus.org/d2l/le/content/8094442/viewContent/60403409/View 12/12

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What are microscopic worms in soil called? What agronomic crop is most susceptible to these worms? How do protozoa contribute to an active and diverse bacterial population in soils? Define rhizosphere – why is it such an important zone of activity in soils? What KEY ROLE do fungi serve in soil? What is afflation and why should I bee concerned about it in my animal feed? What soil organism is generally responsible for plant pathogens like root rots, rusts, and wilts? Why are bacteria so important in soils? What is an Archaea? What soil organism gives soil its distinctive soil smell? Whi h f il i i ibl f tibi ti lik t t li d i illi ?

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