Course Reflection Paper----social science
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Chapter10PPT2.pptxPower, Race, and Gender
Chapter 10
Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
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Learning Objectives
After reading this chapter, students will be able to:
Describe how discrimination based on race, ethnicity, gender, disability, or sexual orientation diminishes individuals’ power.
Under stand the role government has had in discriminating and in rectifying discrimination.
Explain the similarities in different groups’ struggles for equal treatment.
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Racism in American History
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Racism in American History
1619—African slaves were introduced to the earliest colonial settlements.
1865—Slavery was constitutionally abolished in the United States by the Thirteenth Amendment.
Racial segregation replaced slavery as a means of subjugation.
1896—Segregation won constitutional approval by the U.S. Supreme Court in Plessy v. Ferguson.
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Racism in American History
Initial goal of civil rights movement was elimination of direct legal segregation (de jure segregation).
Wanted complete reversal of separate-but-equal interpretation of Plessy.
1954—Supreme Court formally reversed itself and declares segregation unconstitutional in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka.
Credited with starting modern civil rights movement.
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Racism in American History
© Cengage Learning
FIGURE 10-1 Segregation Laws in the United States in 1954
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The Civil Rights Movement
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Civil Rights Legislation
Continuing Inequalities
The Civil Rights Movement
In the early 1960s, the civil rights movement used protests and demonstrations to attract global attention.
Movement now turning attention to combatting private discrimination; thus needs the legislative assistance of Congress.
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Figure 10-2
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The CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT
Carl Iwasaki / Time Life Pictures / Getty Images
Linda Brown (front, center), the plaintiff in Brown v. Board of Education, in her segregated classroom at
the Monroe School. The
landmark 1954 Supreme
Court decision made school segregation illegal.
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The CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT
Civil Rights Legislation
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Unlawful to discriminate against or segregate persons on the grounds of race, color, religion, or national origin in any place of accommodation.
Each federal department/agency will take appropriate action to end discrimination in all programs or activities receiving federal financial assistance.
Unlawful for any firm or labor union to discriminate against any individual in any fashion.
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THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT
SOURCE: Jacqueline Jones et al., Created Equal: A Social and Political History of the United States, 2nd ed. (New York: Pearson Longman, 2006), 855.
FIGURE 10-2 MAJOR EVENTS OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT
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THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT
Continuing Inequalities
New national movement inspired by recent events involving deaths of African American men at hand of police officers, beginning with the Trayvon Martin case
Stark differences remain in the average quality of life for whites and blacks in the U.S.: median income and poverty levels, education, infant mortality
Equality of opportunity is not the same as equality of results.
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THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT
* Percentage of the population 25 years old and over.
† With children, no spouse present (percentage of all families of identified or specified race).
‡ Deaths per one thousand live births.
Sources: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States 2012 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 2012), and Statistical Abstract of the United States 2012, www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0691.pdf. Persons Below Poverty Level by Selected Characteristics:2014, http://aspe.hhs.gov/hsp/14/PovertyAndIncomeEst/ib_poverty2014.pdf. Educational Attainment by Race and Hispanic Origin: 1960 to 2010, www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0229.pdf and http://www.census.gov/hhes/socdemo/education/data/cps/2014/Table%203.xlsx. Families by Type, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 2012, www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0066.xls. Expectation of Life at Birth, 1970 to 2005, and Projections, 2010 to 2020,http://www.census.gov/hhes/families/files/cps2014/tabF1-blkalone.xls and http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6301a9.htm. Infant, Neonatal, and Maternal Mortality Rates by Race: 1980 to 2007, www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0115.pdf.
TABLE 10-1 CONTINUING RACIAL INEQUALITIES
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Hispanic Power
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HISPANIC POWER
Hispanic refers to Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, Cubans, and others of Spanish-speaking ancestry and culture.
Each Hispanic group has encountered different experience in American life.
Until 1971 Hispanics were not legally considered a racial minority group, antidiscrimination laws, such as the 1964 Civil Rights Act, did not apply to them.
Corpus Christi Independent School District v. Cisneros (1971) changed this.
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HISPANIC POWER
Immigration Reform Act of 1987: Congress offered amnesty to all undocumented workers (who had entered prior to 1982). But also required employers to only hired documented workers; this ultimately led to more discrimination.
Economic conditions continue to fuel immigration, legal and illegal, to the U.S.
Puerto Ricans are American citizens; Puerto Rico is a commonwealth of the United States.
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Asian Americans’ Pursuit of Equality
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Asian Americans’ Pursuit of Equality
Asian Americans (or their ancestors) come from multiple countries with diverse cultures, religions, histories and languages.
The largest percentage of Asian Americans have Chinese origins, followed by those of Filipino, Asian Indian, Vietnamese, Korean, and Japanese ancestry.
About 4% of U.S. population of Asian descent.
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Asian Americans’ Pursuit of Equality
Asian Americans have had to fight for equal protection under the law, and equal access to education, employment and citizenship.
1952 Immigration and Nationality Act allowed citizenship for first time.
Egregious discrimination during WWII with use of internment camps for those with Japanese ancestry.
Although Asian Americans are twice as likely as the population as a whole to earn a bachelor’s degree or higher, glass ceiling still exists.
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THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT
SOURCE: Source: http://www.dhs.gov/publication/us-lawful-permanent-residents-2013 (Table 3)
FIGURE 10-3 The Most Prevalent Countries of Birth of Legal Immigrants
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Immigration to America
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Economic and Cultural Change?
Immigration Policy
Legal Immigration
Illegal Immigration
Immigration to America
Economic and Cultural Change?
Business and corporate leaders tend to view immigration in economic terms—an increase in the supply of low-wage workers.
Many middle and working class Americans view immigration in cultural terms—its impact on the ethnic composition of communities.
During tough economic times, middle and working class see immigrants as competitors for jobs.
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Immigration to America
Source: http://www.dhs.gov/publication/us-lawful-permanent-residents-2013 (Table 3)
FIGURE 10-4 Sources of Legal Immigration to the United States
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Immigration to America
Immigration Policy
Immigration has always been a hot-button issue.
DREAM Act and DACA fail to be enacted in Obama administration.
Courts also serving as policymakers in state efforts to penalize undocumented immigrants.
But immigration policy has historically been responsibility of the national government.
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Immigration to America
Immigration Policy (cont’d)
Immigration has always been a hot-button issue.
1882—Congress passed first legislation restricting entry of persons alleged to be “undesirable” as well as virtually all Asians.
1921—Immigration Act established maximum numbers of new immigrants each year, set 3% quota for each foreign country.
1965—Immigration and Nationality Act replaced national origin quotas with preference categories for relatives and family members and professional and highly skilled persons.
1986—Immigration Reform and Control Act sought to control immigration by placing principal responsibility on employers.
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Immigration to America
Immigration Policy (cont’d)
The Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution require that every person (not just citizen) be afforded due process of law.
The need for cheap labor has created a sub-economy in which immigration law is largely ignored by the businesses that need the labor.
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Immigration to America
Legal Immigration
Today, roughly 1 million people per year are admitted legally to the United States.
Categories of noncitizens admitted into the U.S.:
Legal immigrants (lawful permanent residents)
Refugees and those granted asylum
Parolees (temporary protected status)
Legalized aliens (amnesty aliens)
Non-immigrants (nonresident aliens)
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Immigration to America
Illegal Immigration
The official U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) estimate is four hundred thousand illegal immigrants per year.
INS estimates 4 million illegal immigrants are now living in the United States.
Many illegal immigrants slip across U.S. borders or enter ports with false documentation, and many more overstay tourist or student visas.
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Native Americans: An Historical Overview
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The Trail of Broken Treaties
Indian Wars
“Indian Territories”
The Attempted Destruction of Tribal Life
The American Indian Movement
The New Deal
Native Americans: An Historical Overview
The Trail of Broken Treaties
1787 Northwest Ordinance Congress declared that “the utmost good faith shall always be observed toward the Indians.”
Intercourse Act of 1790: public treaties between the U.S. government and the independent Indian “nations” the only legal means of obtaining Indian land.
George Washington forged a treaty with the Creeks — exchanging lands for protection of boundaries of the “Creek Nation.”
Indian lands were constantly invaded by whites—resistance would lead to wars that resulted in great loss of life and more loss of land.
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Native Americans: An Historical Overview
“Indian Territories”
Jefferson designated reservations west of Mississippi River
Monroe designated most of Great Plains as “Indian Territory”
Policy of assimilation, removal, and extinction.
Trail of Tears: The forced march of 16,000 Indians from the Florida Everglades to Oklahoma in 1838.
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Native Americans: An Historical Overview
Indian Wars
Fought between the Plains Indian tribes and the U.S. Army between 1864 and 1890.
Federal government created a Bureau of Indian Affairs to “assist and protect” Indian peoples on their “reservations.”
Reservations were repeatedly reduced in size and eventually subsistence by hunting became impossible.
Malnutrition and demoralization were furthered by the mass slaughter of the buffalo.
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Native Americans: An Historical Overview
Reuters/CORBIS
Chief Crazy Horse was one of the leaders who defeated Civil War General George Custer’s forces in 1876, but Crazy Horse would
surrender the following year. By 1910, the population
of Native Americans had dwindled to
210,000, down from
an estimated 7 million to 12 million. Shown here is the study for the Crazy Horse Memorial in front of the real memorial, which is under construction in
South Dakota.
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Native Americans: An Historical Overview
Attempted Destruction of Tribal Life
Dawes Act of 1887 (General Allotment Act) forced Native Americans to assimilate into the dominant culture and governed federal Indian policy for decades.
Break up tribal lands, allotting acreage for individual homesteads in order to assimilate Indians into the white agricultural society
Life on reservations often desperate.
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Native Americans: An Historical Overview
The New Deal
Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 recognized tribal councils as legal government. Tribal land ownership was restored.
However, paternalistic and frequently intervened in tribal sovereignty.
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Native Americans: An Historical Overview
The American Indian Movement
Founded in 1968 Inspired by the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s.
Activists took over the site of the Wounded Knee battle in 1972 and fought with FBI agents.
Indian culture was revitalized.
In 1975, Congress passed the Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act allowing for the control of federal programs on reservations by tribe members.
Less than 1% of population in 2010 identified as American Indian; now the poorest and least healthy group.
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© Cengage Learning
FIGURE 10-5 Native American Settlements
Native Americans: An Historical Overview
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Power and Gender
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Sex Inequality: Culture or Biology?
Why Are So Few Women in Power?
The Long History of Women’s Protests
Sexual Discrimination: Sexual Harassment and the Law
Reproductive Rights
Power and Gender
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States, 2004–2005 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 2004), 411 and http://www.bls.gov/bls/blswage.htm
FIGURE 10-6 The Earnings Gap: Median Weekly Earnings of Men and Women.
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Power and Gender
TABLE 10-2 WOMEN’S WORK
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Power and Gender
Sex Inequality: Culture or Biology?
Many argue that the creation of sex-role stereotypes, or gender, are culturally imposed on women from earliest childhood.
Deeply ingrained symbols, attitudes, and practices are culturally designated as masculine or feminine.
Some argue sociopsychological barriers to women’s full development.
Others contend that physiological differences between men and women account for gender role differences.
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Fig 7-1
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Power and Gender
The Long History of Women’s Protests
1789 ratification of the U.S. Constitution supplanted state laws that had allowed women the right to vote. The first generation of feminists organized.
After the Civil War, suffragists were active.
1920: Nineteenth Amendment passed, guaranteed women’s right to vote.
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prevents discrimination on the basis of gender, as well as of race.
Equal Rights Amendment (1972) not ratified.
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Power and Gender
Why Are There So Few Women in Power?
Of the members of Congress, 19% are women, including 20 of the 100 U.S. senators and 84 of the 435 members of the House of Representatives.
Eligibility pool – People with the characteristics that voters deem suitable for elective office.
The sex of a candidate has very little impact on the difference between the number of votes that candidates receives.
Incumbency advantage – the benefit derived from already having been voted into a particular office once.
Several studies indicate that women express less political ambition.
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Power and Gender
Sexual Discrimination: Sexual Harassment and the Law
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 protects employees from sexual discrimination.
1993 Harris v. Forklift, the Supreme Court defined “hostile work environment” to consider:
How a reasonable person would perceive the work environment
The frequency and severity of conduct
Whether the conduct interferes with work performance
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Power and Gender
Brooks Kraft/Corbis
In January, 2009
President Obama
signed the Lilly
Ledbetter (left) Bill into law. The law had the effect of nullifying the
Supreme Court’s
rejection of her claim, in which the court ruled that Ledbetter’s suit was filed too late. Ledbetter only learned of the discriminatory wage practices of the Goodyear
Tire Company after
after the statute of limitations had expired.
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Power and Gender
Reproductive Rights
Proponents of abortion rights argue that a woman should be permitted to control her own body and should not be forced by law to have unwanted children.
Opponents of abortion base their belief on the sanctity of life, including the life of the unborn child, which they insist deserves the protection of law.
Roe v. Wade (1973)—recognized abortion as a constitutional right of women. The fetus is not a “person” within constitutional meaning.
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Power and Gender
Reproductive Rights (cont’d)
Supreme Court has upheld some restrictions on abortion, those that do not place an undue burden on privacy.
Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992)
Violence at abortion clinics inspired Congress to pass federal legislation in 1994 restricting demonstrations at these sites.
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Disabled Americans
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Disabled Americans
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) – bans discrimination against people with disabilities in education, employment, healthcare, housing, and transportation.
Requires employers and government organizations to make meaningful participation possible through reasonable accommodations.
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Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual and Transgendered Rights
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Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual and Transgendered Rights
One of most contentious debates in contemporary U.S. politics centers on fight for the rights of gays, lesbians, bisexuals, and transgendered individuals.
Most Americans now support equality for gays and lesbians.
LGBT civil rights organizations founded after Stonewall Rebellion in 1969.
Ruling in Obergefell v. Hodges required all states to recognize marriages performed in another state.
Same-sex marriage now legal in all states.
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Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual and Transgendered Rights
In 2015, nation began to focus on struggle for acceptance by transgendered individuals.
Transgender: When one’s self‑identity does not conform with the gender that corresponds to one’s biological sex.
Health care is priority issue for transgender individuals.
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