case study 2
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Chapter10PowerandInfluence.pptxCHAPTER TEN
Power and Influence in the Workplace
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Learning Objectives
1. Describe the five sources of power in organizations.
2. Discuss the four contingencies of power.
3. Explain how people and work units gain power through social networks.
4. Describe eight types of influence tactics, three consequences of influencing others, and three contingencies to consider when choosing an influence tactic.
5. Identify the organizational conditions and personal characteristics associated with organizational politics, as well as ways to minimize organizational politics.
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What does it mean to have power and influence?
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The Meaning of Power
The capacity of a person, team, or organization to influence others
Potential to change attitudes and behavior (not actual attempt to change).
People may have power they don’t use — may not even know they have power.
Based on the perception that the power holder controls a valuable resource.
Requires a minimum level of trust by both parties.
Power involves unequal dependence.
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Power and Dependence
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Model of Power in Organizations
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Legitimate Power
Agreement that people in specific positions can request behaviors from others.
A perceived right or obligation.
Originates from job descriptions and informal rules of conduct.
Zone of indifference:
Domain of behaviors that power holder can ask of others
Larger zone of indifference with level of trust in power holder.
Information control:
People need legitimate power in order to distribute information.
Generates power through gatekeeping and framing.
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Expert Power
Capacity to influence others by possessing knowledge or skills that they value.
Problem: mindless deference or submissive to expertise.
Managing uncertainties is an important form of expert power.
Coping with uncertainty:
Organizations operate better in predictable environments.
People gain power by using their expertise to:
Prevent environmental changes.
Forecast environmental changes.
Absorb environmental changes.
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Other Sources of Power
Reward power:
Control rewards valued by others, remove negative sanctions.
Coercive power:
Ability to apply punishment.
Referent power:
Capacity to influence others through identification with and respect for the power holder.
Associated with charisma.
personal characteristic or special “gift” that serves as a form of interpersonal attraction.
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Power Through a Personal Brand
Your personal brand leverages power through visibility and nonsubstitutability. “Nurturing and enhancing your professional ‘brand’ should be up there with performance as top priorities in your career journey,” says public relations executive Curtis Sparrer.
Focus on expert and referent
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Power Contingency: Nonsubstitutability
Developing a personal brand:
Basically monopolizing resources by demonstrating a unique combination of knowledge, skills, and experience that is valuable to current or prospective employers and can not be supplied by other employees.
Artem Furman/Shutterstock
What makes you unique?
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Other Contingencies of Power
Visibility:
Known as holder of valued resource.
Social interaction, power symbols.
Discretion:
Freedom to exercise judgment.
Ability to selectively use rewards and punishments.
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Use power wisely – Dark Triad
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How to leverage social networks
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Strengthen workplace relationships
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Demonstrate leadership
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Create power
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Advance career
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Power Through Social Networks
Social networks:
Connecting through forms of interdependence such as common interests or status.
Instrumental (influence) and expressive functions (identity).
Social capital:
The perceived power within those relationships can influence others
Networks offer power resources:
Information (expert power).
Referent power.
A
B
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Social Network Ties
Strong ties:
Close-knit relationships.
Offer resources more quickly/plentifully, but less unique.
Weak ties:
Acquaintances.
Offer unique resources, but more slowly.
Many ties:
Resources increase with number of ties.
Information technology may increase the number of ties but can limits strength within those ties.
A
B
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Remember this…..
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Consequences of Power
Effect of power depends on type of power.
Type A: Feeling empowered:
Perceived power over themselves and freedom from others’ influence.
Higher motivation, but less mindful thinking, less empathy, more reliance on stereotypes.
Type B: Power over others:
Produces sense of duty/responsibility.
Less stereotyping, more empathy, more mindful of how their actions affect others.
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Influencing Others
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Any behavior that attempts to alter another person’s attitudes or behavior.
Power is an essential activity in organizations:
Coordinate with others.
Part of leadership definition.
Everyone engages in influence.
Types of Influence 1
Silent authority.
Power holder’s request or mere presence influences behavior.
Legitimate power (subtle).
Assertiveness.
Vocal authority:
Reminding, checking, bullying.
Legitimate/coercive power.
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Types of Influence 2
Information control.
Manipulating others’ access to information to change their attitudes/behavior.
Coalition formation.
Pooling members’ resources and power to influence others.
Three functions:
Pools power and resources of many people.
Symbolizes that issue is legitimate/important. Has broad support.
Influence through social identity. An informal group advocates for a new set of norms or behaviors
Upward appeal.
Claiming higher authority support or showing evidence of that support.
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Types of Influence 3
Persuasion.
Logical arguments, emotional appeals.
Effects of persuader, message, channel, audience.
Impression management.
Actively shaping others’ perceptions/attitudes of us.
Self-presentation.
Personal brand
Applies impression management.
Ingratiation with those of influence through perceived similiarities.
Exchange.
Exchange of resources for desired behavior.
Exchange is used in negotiation, reciprocity, social networks.
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Contingencies of Influence
“Soft” tactics generally more acceptable than “hard” tactics.
Soft – impression management, persuasion, exchange
Hard – information control, upward appeal, assertiveness
Appropriate influence tactic depends on:
Influencer’s power base.
Organizational position.
Personal, organizational, cultural values and expectations.
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Sometimes it’s just ‘office politics’
What does that mean?
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Organizational Politics
Using influence tactics for personal gain at perceived expense of others and organization.
Minimizing org. politics:
Provide sufficient resources.
Clarify resource allocation rules.
Manage change effectively.
Discourage political behavior.
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Let’s take a look ahead
Case Study #2
Case study #3
Quiz #3
Project #2
Final Exam
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Case Study #2
Conifer Corp is a sawmill operation in Oregon, that is owned by a major forest products company, but operates independently of headquarters. The mill is divided into six operating departments: boom, sawmill, planer, packaging, shipping, and maintenance. It won packaging quality awards over the past few years, but product quality has recently fallen and customers have switched to other producers. The planing and sawmilling departments have significantly increased productivity over the past couple of years, whereas the packaging department has decreased productivity. This has resulted in a backlog of finished product, adding to Conifer’s inventory costs and the risk of damaged stock. The company pays packaging employees overtime to complete the work on Saturdays. The packaging department extends its lunch and coffee breaks, and usually leaves work early. The packaging department is located in a separate building from the others and has no supervisor.
From this information, please consider an answer the following 3 questions. The overall paper should be a minimum of 800 words. I would also like you to cite sources for each answer. The sources may come from the textbook or external documents.
1.What symptom(s) in this case suggest that something has gone wrong?
2.What are the main causes of these symptoms?
3.What actions should executives take to correct these problems?
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Case Study #3
In the mid-1990s, the CEO of Apple Computer invited the late Steve Jobs (who was not associated with the company at the time) to serve as a special adviser and raise morale among Apple employees and customers. While doing so, Jobs spent more time advising the CEO on how to cut costs, redraw the organizational chart, and hire new people. Before long, most of the top people at Apple were Jobs’s colleagues, who began to systematically evaluate and weed out teams of Apple employees. While publicly supporting Apple’s CEO, Jobs privately criticized him and, in a show of non-confidence, sold the 1.5 million shares of Apple stock he had received. This action caught the attention of Apple’s board of directors, who soon after decided to replace the CEO with Steve Jobs. The CEO claimed Jobs was a conniving back-stabber who used political tactics to get his way. Others suggest that Apple would be out of business today if he hadn’t taken over the company.
From this information, please take a position as to whether you believe Steve Jobs’s actions were examples of organizational politics? Justify your answer. Please use sources (text is fine) to justify your position.
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© McGraw Hill
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Project #2
You will have the option of writing
a research proposal paper OR a corporate case study response.
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© McGraw Hill
29
Research Proposal Paper
A research proposal paper is created to justify the need to research a problem and how that research should be conducted. The design of the research is carefully considered to obtain the desired outcomes. In other words, how are you going to answer the questions ‘what exactly is the problem’ and ‘how can it be fixed?’ The main focus of a research proposal is the literature review which supports the need for the study. Along with this rationale is the basic methodology considered for conducting the research and how this will answer the questions proposed in the study.
If you choose to do a research proposal paper, find an organization that you feel could benefit from a behavioral change in their corporate structure. Whether it is individualized, group development issues, motivational issues, cultural issues, etc. Why do you think this is a problem? How would you conduct a study to further explore the problem and develop possible solutions?
Example: Students at FSUPC were struggling to find innovate methods to retain membership and promote activities in their student organizations during the COVID pandemic. Even as we emerge from the pandemic, many organizations are struggling to obtain and retain new members. Is this due to the continued COVID issue or do student organizations need to find new ways to conduct business and activities? Has digital technology become a crutch for passive involvement or a benefit for active participation? Why do you think some memberships actually declining? How can these organizations not only maintain membership but grow under these new circumstances? What similar activities can be used from other corporate cultures on the FSUPC campus? How would you design a study to both uncover the problem as well as purpose (hypothesize) a solution?
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© McGraw Hill
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Corporate Case Study Response
This project will require you to analyze an organization that overcame issues within the organization. There are plenty of case studies out there. For example, when Hostess was going bankrupt, they performed a case study (actual several case studies) and selected the solutions that they felt best met their needs. There are hundreds of similar stories. Find studies that represent the issues and solutions and analyze the response. The easiest way to develop this paper is to first provide an introduction that identifies the key issues represented in the case study. Next, provide some background and relevant facts regarding the issue. This is where you let the reader know you have done your homework on the problem. Then start to outline the specific areas of the case study that you intend to focus on. Consider both what is working and what maybe did not work well for the organization. Next you propose realistic solutions or changes that the organization should also consider. Make sure you supporting your ideas with evidence and concepts from class. Finally, make recommendations or propose strategies that will work to further the progress of the organization or possible solve new problems that have developed.
If you choose to do a corporate case study response, you will find an organization that has overcome a significant problem and focus on the communication and behavioral issues associated with that problem. What is your analysis of not only the case study, but the outcome of the solutions provided in that case study. What else can/could have been done?
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© McGraw Hill
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Requirements for this paper
7-9 pages
12pt, Times New Roman, Double Spaced
Title Page
Minimum 6 sources (3 must be scholarly)
You will also provide an abstract of your paper to a Discussion Board so that the class has an opportunity to look at many research perspectives
If you would like to use either the proposed research or case study analysis for consideration in the FSU Spring Reach Symposium, please let me know and I will provide additional advisement on how to prepare it for submission. If any of you are considering applying for additional graduate work (PhD) and need to publish, this project is a good starting point and we can further develop these studies in the spring for publication submissions.
32
© McGraw Hill
32
Case Study #2
Conifer Corp is a sawmill operation in Oregon, that is owned by a major forest products company, but operates independently of headquarters. The mill is divided into six operating departments: boom, sawmill, planer, packaging, shipping, and maintenance. It won packaging quality awards over the past few years, but product quality has recently fallen and customers have switched to other producers. The planing and sawmilling departments have significantly increased productivity over the past couple of years, whereas the packaging department has decreased productivity. This has resulted in a backlog of finished product, adding to Conifer’s inventory costs and the risk of damaged stock. The company pays packaging employees overtime to complete the work on Saturdays. The packaging department extends its lunch and coffee breaks, and usually leaves work early. The packaging department is located in a separate building from the others and has no supervisor.
From this information, please consider an answer the following 3 questions. The overall paper should be a minimum of 800 words. I would also like you to cite sources for each answer. The sources may come from the textbook or external documents.
1.What symptom(s) in this case suggest that something has gone wrong?
2.What are the main causes of these symptoms?
3.What actions should executives take to correct these problems?
33
Due 10/23
© McGraw Hill
33
Case Study #3
In the mid-1990s, the CEO of Apple Computer invited the late Steve Jobs (who was not associated with the company at the time) to serve as a special adviser and raise morale among Apple employees and customers. While doing so, Jobs spent more time advising the CEO on how to cut costs, redraw the organizational chart, and hire new people. Before long, most of the top people at Apple were Jobs’s colleagues, who began to systematically evaluate and weed out teams of Apple employees. While publicly supporting Apple’s CEO, Jobs privately criticized him and, in a show of non-confidence, sold the 1.5 million shares of Apple stock he had received. This action caught the attention of Apple’s board of directors, who soon after decided to replace the CEO with Steve Jobs. The CEO claimed Jobs was a conniving back-stabber who used political tactics to get his way. Others suggest that Apple would be out of business today if he hadn’t taken over the company.
From this information, please take a position as to whether you believe Steve Jobs’s actions were examples of organizational politics? Justify your answer. Please use sources (text is fine) to justify your position.
34
Due 11/6
© McGraw Hill
34
Project #2
You will have the option of writing
a research proposal paper OR a corporate case study response.
35
© McGraw Hill
35
Research Proposal Paper
A research proposal paper is created to justify the need to research a problem and how that research should be conducted. The design of the research is carefully considered to obtain the desired outcomes. In other words, how are you going to answer the questions ‘what exactly is the problem’ and ‘how can it be fixed?’ The main focus of a research proposal is the literature review which supports the need for the study. Along with this rationale is the basic methodology considered for conducting the research and how this will answer the questions proposed in the study.
If you choose to do a research proposal paper, find an organization that you feel could benefit from a behavioral change in their corporate structure. Whether it is individualized, group development issues, motivational issues, cultural issues, etc. Why do you think this is a problem? How would you conduct a study to further explore the problem and develop possible solutions?
Example: Students at FSUPC were struggling to find innovate methods to retain membership and promote activities in their student organizations during the COVID pandemic. Even as we emerge from the pandemic, many organizations are struggling to obtain and retain new members. Is this due to the continued COVID issue or do student organizations need to find new ways to conduct business and activities? Has digital technology become a crutch for passive involvement or a benefit for active participation? Why do you think some memberships actually declining? How can these organizations not only maintain membership but grow under these new circumstances? What similar activities can be used from other corporate cultures on the FSUPC campus? How would you design a study to both uncover the problem as well as purpose (hypothesize) a solution?
36
© McGraw Hill
36
Corporate Case Study Response
This project will require you to analyze an organization that overcame issues within the organization. There are plenty of case studies out there. For example, when Hostess was going bankrupt, they performed a case study (actual several case studies) and selected the solutions that they felt best met their needs. There are hundreds of similar stories. Find studies that represent the issues and solutions and analyze the response. The easiest way to develop this paper is to first provide an introduction that identifies the key issues represented in the case study. Next, provide some background and relevant facts regarding the issue. This is where you let the reader know you have done your homework on the problem. Then start to outline the specific areas of the case study that you intend to focus on. Consider both what is working and what maybe did not work well for the organization. Next you propose realistic solutions or changes that the organization should also consider. Make sure you supporting your ideas with evidence and concepts from class. Finally, make recommendations or propose strategies that will work to further the progress of the organization or possible solve new problems that have developed.
If you choose to do a corporate case study response, you will find an organization that has overcome a significant problem and focus on the communication and behavioral issues associated with that problem. What is your analysis of not only the case study, but the outcome of the solutions provided in that case study. What else can/could have been done?
37
© McGraw Hill
37
Requirements for this paper
7-9 pages
12pt, Times New Roman, Double Spaced
Title Page
Minimum 6 sources (3 must be scholarly)
You will also provide an abstract of your paper to a Discussion Board so that the class has an opportunity to look at many research perspectives
If you would like to use either the proposed research or case study analysis for consideration in the FSU Spring Reach Symposium, please let me know and I will provide additional advisement on how to prepare it for submission. If any of you are considering applying for additional graduate work (PhD) and need to publish, this project is a good starting point and we can further develop these studies in the spring for publication submissions.
38
© McGraw Hill
38
Questions
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