Improving Conditions in Africa Dialogue

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02/09/22

Terrorism Today: The Past, The Players, The Future

6th Edition

Chapter 10 Northeast, Central and Southern Africa

Learning Outcomes

10.1 Describe how a failed state such as Somalia is a fertile region for Islamic extremism

10.2 Discuss the spread of Islamic jihad across central Africa

10.3 Recount how state terror in African countries continues into the twenty-first century

10.4 Describe the funding mechanisms that are used by insurgent groups

10.5 Restate how the U.N. failed to prevent genocide taking place in Rwanda

Figure 10.2

Map of Somalia

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10.1 Describe how a failed state such as Somalia is a fertile region for Islamic extremism

• Tribal and inter-clan fighting and disputes

• Warlords vying for regional control

• 1969 – military rule – Said Barre

• All facets of economy controlled by military

• 1991 – United Somali Congress

• Continued deterioration – lawless and non functioning government

• 2004 – Somali Transitional Government formed

10.1 Islamists in Somalia

➢ Al Qaeda presence ▪ Osama bin Laden fatwa – “attack the soldiers of occupation”

▪ Somalia is a predominantly Sunni Muslim

➢ U.S. embassy bombing mastermind Fazul Mohammed

▪ Aligned al Qaeda with al-Shabaab

▪ Coordinated AQAP in Yemen

▪ Killed near Mogadishu - 2011

▪ Al-Shabaab then pledged allegiance to Ayman al-Zawahiri

Figure 10.3

Omar Shafik Hammami

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10.1 Omar Shafik Hammami

➢ U.S. foreign fighter presence - Hammami – Hammami – resident of Daphne, Alabama

– Aka Abu Mansoor al-Amriki

– Charged with being supporter of terrorism

– FBI 10 Most Wanted

– Had excellent IT skills

– Rose through the al-Shabaab ranks

– Became an outspoken commentator

– Offended al-Shabaab

– September 2013 - death

10.1 al-Shabaab

➢Objectives: ▪ Remove Somali government – establish Islamic emirate

▪ Remove foreign influence in Somalia

➢Roots and ideology: ▪ Islamic Courts Union

▪ Aligned to al Qaeda ideology – Taliban

▪ Pledged allegiance in 2012

➢Tactics: ▪ Suicide bombs, VBIED’s, IED’s

▪ Commando style attacks – Westgate Mall

Figure 10.4 Suicide Attacks

Suicide Attacks and Casualties by Location

Country Attacks Killed Wounded

Kenya 0 0 0

Somalia 90 769 936

Uganda 0 0 0

Suicide attacks by terror groups 2000-2015 – Chicago Project on Security and Terrorism

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10.1 Al-Shabaab - strategies

➢ Unknown numbers – possibly 5,000-10,000 strong

➢ Does not control Somali capital

➢ Transnational Federal Government

➢ Uses IED’s etc. to attack government

➢ Engages in political dialogue

➢ Attempts to win over local clan leaders with persuasive arguments of their good intentions

10.1 Al-Shabaab attacks

➢ Westgate Shopping Mall - Kenya – September 21st 2013 – Westgate Shopping Mall –

Nairobi – Kenya

– Frequented by ex-patriates, tourists and westerners

– Daylight – commando style attack by four attackers

– Three days to finally secure the scene

➢ Garissa University college - attack – University attack killed 147 students

➢ Kenya views Islamist threat as a ‘foreign issue’

Figures 10.8 Suicide attacks

Suicide Attacks and Casualties by Target Type

Target Attacks Killed Wounded

Security 48 331 398

Political 38 415 519

Civilian 4 23 19

Unknown 0 0 0

Suicide Attackers, Attacks and Casualties by Religion

Religion # attackers # attacks

# killed

# wounded

Muslim (NA) 4 4 65 115

Muslim (Sunni) 1 1 9 12

Unknown 91 86 695 809

Suicide Attacks and Casualties by Weapon

Weapon Attacks Killed Wounded

Airplane 0 0 0

Belt Bomb 23 214 229

Car Bomb 67 555 707

Other 0 0 0

Unknown 0 0 0

Suicide attacks by target type, by religion and by weapons employed

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10.2 Discuss the spread of Islamic jihad across central Africa

❑ Al-Shabaab – strong regional presence ❑Foreign fighters attracted from U.S and Europe

❑Excellent training opportunities

❑Somalia- al-Ittihad – warring militia group

❑Foreign fighters – rift between allegiance to al-Shabaab or al Qaeda

❑Al-Shabaab executes al-Qaeda adherents in its ranks

❑The Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) - Uganda

10.2 The Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA)

• Formerly allied with Sudan’s Islamic government – 1986 Rebellion – Ugandan government

▪ Holy Spirit Movement

▪ Joseph Kony – self styled Prophet

▪ Witchcraft and atrocities

▪ Twenty-thousand abductions – child soldiers

▪ Atrocities against own families

▪ Eighty-five per cent of troops

• Allied Democratic Forces ▪ Islamic sects and opposition groups (Ugandan gov’t)

▪ Operates from DRC – terrorist organization – Sudan proxy?

10.2 Boko Haram (BK) – Nigeria (1 of 2)

➢Objectives ▪ Create an Islamic state – Sharia law imposed

▪ Create a caliphate in northern Nigeria and borders of Chad, Niger and Cameroon

▪ Removal of western influences and exclude western education

➢Size and strength ▪ 20,000 - 25,000 – recruits – child soldiers

➢Tactics ▪ Creates cells to infiltrate regions and villages

▪ Suicide bombers, attacks and burns villages and kills locals

▪ Uses children as suicide bombers

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10.2 Boko Haram – Nigeria (2 of 2)

Nigeria – 50% Christian and 50% Muslim ▪ BK forcing extreme Islamic brand

▪ Northern states of Nigeria

▪ Attacks Christian churches

▪ Attacks Muslims

▪ BK founder – Muhammad Yusuf

▪ BK leader – Abubakar Shekau

▪ Jihad – Shura council appointed

▪ Pledged allegiance to Islamic State

10.2 al-Qaeda in East Africa

❑ Attacks on two U.S embassies ▪ 1998 - Nairobi and Dar Es Salaam bombings

▪ Selected as soft targets

▪ Osama bin Laden and Fazul Abdullah Mohammed

▪ Fazul – Somali badlands

▪ 2011 - Killed in shootout – Somali check-point

▪ Cruise missile response - Somalia

Figure 10-16 East African Embassy bombing

Bombing of the U.S. Embassies in Nairobi, Kenya and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

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10.3 Recount how state terror in African countries continues into the twenty-first century

❑ State terror v tribalism

❑ Uganda – Idi Amin – 1971-1979 – Lugbara tribe ❑Historical enemies – Acholi and Langi tribes

❑Ethnic cleansing

❑Purged all opponents and opposition

❑ Praised the work of Adolf Hitler and the destruction of Israel ❑Bureau of State Research

❑Engaged in cannibalism

Figure 10.11

Map of Uganda

10.3 Idi Amin – Operation Jonathan

❑ Air France airliner hijacked to Libya then Uganda ❑Entebbe airport – Palestinian terrorists

❑Separated Jewish passengers

❑ Covert operation carried out by Israeli commandos ❑Attack airport and release passengers

❑Dora Block – British passenger

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Figure 10.13

Map of Zimbabwe

10.3 Zimbabwe – Robert Mugabe

❑Rhodesian independence from Great Britain ❑Ian Smith – (Unilateral Declaration of Independence)

❑African (black) nationalism

❑Robert Mugabe – leader black nationalists – support from the Mashona tribe

❑Joshua Nkomo – Matabele tribal support ❑Tribalism between Mugabe supporters and Nkomo’s

❑Mugabe – rigged elections – keep him in power

❑White farmers

❑Democratic Republic of Congo

10.4 Describe the funding mechanisms that are used by insurgent

• Piracy

• Kidnapping and ransom

• Local, regional and international financing

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10.4 Piracy

➢ Sophisticated operations – Horn of Africa

➢ Ship/Tanker hijackings – Nigerian coastal regions

➢ EU Counter-Piracy mission – “Atalanta” UN

➢ Successfully deterring attacks – No ships pirated between 2013-2016

– 2010 saw thirty-seven ships taken

10.4 Kidnapping and ransom

Most terror groups engage in some level of hostage taking for financial gain:

➢ Al-Shabaab

➢ Lord’s Resistance Army

➢ Boko Haram – Kidnapping and indoctrination

– Child soldiers

– Sex slaves

10.4 Local, regional and international funds

✓ Zakat-Hawala system

✓ 2009 - $70 million U.S. $ paid in ransom money

✓ Chibok School girls kidnapped

✓ People smuggling

✓ Finance support AQIM and al-Shabaab

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10.5 Restate how the U.N. failed to prevent genocide taking place in Rwanda

• Rwanda – Colonial Belgium rule – Organized and institutionalised ethnic stereotypes

– Class structure – minority elite

• Hutu and Tutsi – Hutu dominated government

– 1994 - President’s plane shot down – capital Kigali

– Trigger for killing Tutsi to begin

• Genocide – Propaganda campaign by Hutu

10.5 Rwanda – Genocide

➢ Hutu government ▪ Propaganda bombards public with radio messages

▪ Demanded that Hutu kill Tutsi

▪ Campaign so aggressive - not seen since WW II

▪ Interahamwe – militia

▪ UN in Rwanda 1994

▪ Half million Tutsi killed in six weeks

▪ UN observers – observed

➢ UN – response unequal to the task ▪ Failed to prevent the killings

▪ Hutu militias escaped across border to refugee camps

10. Review Questions (1 of 2)

1. Describe the tactics used by al-Shabaab in countering both Somali and Kenyan forces.

2. Analyze the success of Operation Jonathan.

3. List and explain the reasons behind the spread of Islamic State in central Africa.

4. Describe the external forces influencing PAGAD and why does it pose a threat to the stability of RSA?

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10. Review Questions (2 of 2)

5. Explain why kidnapping has become such a growth industry in the arsenal of African terror organizations.

6. List and explain the use of child abductees by Boko Haram