HLF 210
olatunde
Chapter10.pptxAn Invitation to Health
THE POWER OF NOW BRIEF EDITION 10 edition
Chapter 10
Major Diseases
Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
1
Objectives
After reading this chapter, the student should be able to:
List the risk factors for cardiovascular diseases
Summarize the risks and signs of metabolic syndrome and diabetes
Discuss the risk factors and management of hypertension and high blood cholesterol
Explain the patterns and consequences of cardiovascular diseases
Identify the risk factors and common causes of strokes
Outline the risk factors for cancer.
Review the signs, causes, and treatments of common types of cancer
Describe the agents of infection and their effects on human health
Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Your Cardiometabolic Health (1 of 2)
Cardiometabolic health
“Cardio” refers to the heart and blood vessels of the cardiovascular system
“Metabolic” refers to the biochemical processes involved in the body’s functioning
Every day, more than 2,200 Americans die of cardiovascular diseases
All diseases of the heart and blood vessels
Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Your Cardiometabolic Health (2 of 2)
Cardiometabolic risk factors
Overweight/obesity
Body fat
Waist circumference
Physical inactivity
Tobacco use
High blood glucose, blood pressure, and cholesterol
Family history, race, ethnicity, age, and height
Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Metabolic Syndrome (1 of 2)
What is metabolic syndrome?
A cluster of disorders related to metabolism
Increases risk of developing diabetes, heart disease, or stroke
Who is at risk?
Researchers have targeted sugary beverages as contributors to weight and metabolic problems
Lead to unhealthy waist circumference, blood glucose, and dietary patterns
Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Metabolic Syndrome (2 of 2)
What are the signs?
Larger-than-normal waist measurement
Higher-than-normal triglyceride level
Lower-than-normal high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level
Higher-than-normal blood pressure
Higher-than-normal fasting blood sugar
Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Diabetes (1 of 6)
Insulin secretion deficient or nonexistent
Glucose is unable to enter body cells
Unused glucose passes through kidneys and out of the body in urine
Insulin resistance
Body produces insulin but does not use it properly
Prediabetes
Indicated by higher than normal blood glucose
Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Diabetes (2 of 6)
Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Diabetes (3 of 6)
Diabetes mellitus
The pancreas, which produces insulin, doesn’t function as it should
Stops producing insulin or doesn’t produce a sufficient amount of insulin
Several factors increase risk
Weight, age, activity, family history, health, etc.
Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Diabetes (4 of 6)
Type 1 diabetes
The body’s immune system attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas
Type 2 diabetes
Pancreas does not make enough insulin or the body is unable to use insulin correctly
Gestational diabetes
Acquired during pregnancy
Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Diabetes (5 of 6)
Signs and symptoms
Increased thirst and frequent urination
Flu-like symptoms
Weight loss or weight gain
Blurred vision
Slow-healing sores or frequent infections
Nerve damage (neuropathy)
Red, swollen, tender gums
Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Diabetes (6 of 6)
Diabetes management
Today, diabetics can have a normal lifespan
Patients must monitor their blood glucose regularly
ABCs: A1c test, blood pressure, and cholesterol
Treatment
Goal for diabetics is to keep blood sugar levels stable through insulin use
Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Hypertension (1 of 4)
Elevated blood pressure over time
Heart must pump harder than is healthy
Hypertension in the young
In a young person, even mild hypertension can cause organs to start to deteriorate
Who is at risk?
Obesity, alcohol use, race, family history, and insomnia
Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Hypertension (2 of 4)
What your blood pressure reading means
Stage 1
Systolic pressure from 140 to 159
Diastolic pressure from 90 to 99
Stage 2
Systolic pressure 160 or higher
Diastolic pressure 100 or higher
Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Hypertension (3 of 4)
Lowering high blood pressure
Reducing sodium
The DASH eating pattern
Exercise
Medications
Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Hypertension (4 of 4)
Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Your Lipoprotein Profile (1 of 5)
Comprehensive blood test
Total cholesterol
LDL (bad) cholesterol
Deposits cholesterol on artery walls
HDL (good) cholesterol
Helps prevent cholesterol buildup
Triglycerides
Blood fats released into the bloodstream after a meal
Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Your Lipoprotein Profile (2 of 5)
What is a healthy cholesterol reading?
Less than 200 mg/dL total cholesterol is ideal
Lowering cholesterol
Lifestyle changes
Dietary changes
Weight management
Physical activity
Medications
Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Your Lipoprotein Profile (3 of 5)
Cardiovascular disease
Leading cause of death globally
How the heart works
Muscular organ with four chambers that serve as two pumps
Heart risks on campus
Many people, including college students and other young adults, are unaware of habits and conditions that put their hearts at risk
Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Your Lipoprotein Profile (4 of 5)
Psychological risk factors
Chronic (e.g., job strain)
Episodic (e.g., depression)
Short-term factors (e.g., angry outburst)
Specific risks
Stress
Depression
Anger and hostility
Personality types
Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Your Lipoprotein Profile (5 of 5)
The heart of a woman
Men have a higher incidence of cardiovascular problems than women before age 45, but women’s hearts are also vulnerable
For men and women, chest pain or discomfort is the most common heart attack symptom
Unhealthy lifestyles may be responsible for almost 75 percent of heart disease
Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Crises of the Heart (1 of 3)
Coronary artery disease
Impairment of blood flow through the vessels
Atherosclerosis
Built up plaque in the arteries
Can produce angina (chest pain)
Heart attack (myocardial infarction)
Characterized by dying of tissue in the myocardium, caused by interruption of blood supply
Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Crises of the Heart (2 of 3)
Is it a heart attack?
Symptoms indicating need for medical care
Tight ache, heavy, squeezing pain, or discomfort in the center of the chest
Chest pain that radiates to the shoulder, arm, neck, back, or jaw
Anxiety, and sweating or cold, clammy skin
Nausea and vomiting
Shortness of breath
Dizziness, fainting, or loss of consciousness
Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Crises of the Heart (3 of 3)
Cardiac arrest
Occurs when the heart stops beating
If circulation is not restored within 4 or 5 minutes, the brain shuts down completely, and the person dies
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
Emergency procedure for a person whose heart has stopped or who is no longer breathing
Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Stroke (1 of 2)
Blocked blood supply to the brain
Ranks as third most prevalent cause of death
80 percent preventable with lifestyle modification
Many risk factors exist
Gender, race, age, obesity, hypertension, high red blood cell count, heart disease, blood fats, diabetes mellitus, estrogen therapy, diet, and marijuana usage
Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Stroke (2 of 2)
Causes of stroke
Ischemic stroke: blockage that disrupts blood flow to the brain
Hemorrhagic stroke: diseased artery in the brain floods surrounding tissue with blood
Why quick treatment matters
People who get to a hospital within an hour of having the first symptoms of a stroke are twice as likely to receive tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPa)
Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Cancer
Uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells
Without treatment, cancer cells crowd out and replace healthy cells
Who is at risk?
Heredity
Racial and ethnic groups
Obesity
Infectious agents
Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Common Types of Cancer (1 of 2)
Cancers are classified according to the type of cell and the organ in which they originate
Carcinoma
Sarcoma
Leukemia
Lymphoma
Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Common Types of Cancer (2 of 2)
Common types
Skin cancer
Breast cancer
Cervical cancer
Ovarian cancer
Testicular cancer
Colon and rectal cancer
Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Infectious Diseases (1 of 4)
Triggered by various pathogens
Countered by the body’s natural defenses
Agents of infection
Viruses
Bacteria
Fungi
Protozoa
Helminths (parasitic worms)
Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Infectious Diseases (2 of 4)
Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Infectious Diseases (3 of 4)
Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Infectious Diseases (4 of 4)
Immune response
Attacked by pathogens, the body musters its forces and fights
Sometimes handled like a minor border skirmish; other times a full-scale battle is waged
Immunity and stress
Stress response dampens immunity
Immunization for adults
Vast majority of vaccine-preventable deaths occur among adults
Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Upper Respiratory Infections (1 of 3)
Common cold
Can strike in any season
Rhinoviruses cause most spring, summer, and early fall colds and tend to cause more symptoms above the neck
Adenoviruses strike in the winter and tend to affect trachea and bronchi
Cold viruses spread by coughs, sneezes, and touch
Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Upper Respiratory Infections (2 of 3)
Preventing colds
Vitamin C does not ward off the common cold or shorten its length or severity
Echinacea findings are mixed
High-dose zinc acetate lozenges can substantially shorten the duration of various common cold symptoms
Antibiotics are effective only against bacteria
Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Upper Respiratory Infections (3 of 3)
Influenza
Similar to a cold, but more severe
Meningitis
Attacks membranes around brain and spinal cord
Can be prevented by vaccination
Symptoms: high fever, severe headache, stiffness, vomiting, pain, weakness, etc.
If two or more symptoms at the same time, are severe, or appear suddenly, seek medical care
Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Hepatitis (1 of 2)
At least five different viruses
Hepatitis A, B, C, Delta, and E
Cause inflammation of the liver
Newly identified viruses may also be responsible for some cases of “non-A, non-B” hepatitis
Hepatitis A
Less serious
Transmitted by poor sanitation
Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Hepatitis (2 of 2)
Hepatitis B
Potentially fatal disease
Transmitted through blood and body fluids
Highest risk: young people, athletes, male homosexuals, multiple sex partners, health-care workers, injection drug users, and infants born to infected mothers
Hepatitis C
Not spread by casual contact
Controversy about sexual transmission
Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Insect- and Animal-Borne Infections (1 of 2)
Lyme disease
Spread by ticks
Treated with antibiotics
West Nile virus
Transmitted by mosquitos and other methods
Causes inflammation of brain tissue
Zika virus
Transmitted by mosquitoes, mother to child, sexual contact, and blood transfusion
Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Insect- and Animal-Borne Infections (2 of 2)
Avian influenza
Caused by viruses that occur naturally among wild birds and usually does not infect humans
The “Superbug” Threat: MRSA
Methicillin-resistant S. aureus
Resistant to antibiotics
Major health threat
Spreads through touch
Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
