At lease 1000 words due June 9th 12:00pm Central Time

Environment Tenth Edition

Raven

Chapter 10

Energy Consumption

Energy Consumption

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Overview of Chapter 10

• Energy Consumption and Policy • Energy Efficiency and Conservation • Electricity, Hydrogen, and Energy Storage • Energy Policy

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Universities Using Energy Sustainably

• Campuses use energy for: construction, transportation, heat/cooling, dining

• Students/University members can actively participate in managing energy o Food produced on campus o Waste composted on-site

• Challenge in the upfront costs of sustainable choices

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Energy Consumption and Policy

• No energy sources are truly clean • All humans activities require energy

o Heat and cool buildings o Illuminate buildings and streets o Plant, harvest, and ship food

• 300 years ago energy sources were local: o Wood, peat, dung

• Now, concentrated (traditional) energy is versatile, transportable, worldwide o Fossil fuels, nuclear energy, electricity

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Characteristics of Energy Sources • Advantages of energy source:

o How concentrated it is o Versatility o Safety o Availability

• Disadvantages of energy source: o Hazard potential o Environmental damage o Cost

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Advantages and Disadvantages of Energy Sources (1 of 3) Table 10.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Several Major Energy Sources

Source Geographic Distribution Portability Versatility

Worst-Case Event

Day-to-day Pollution (Not Climate Change)

Climate Change Potential Scale Reliability

Nuclear fission

Uranium found in a limited number of Places

Fuel can be moved, but must be used in a fixed location

Used to generate electricity

Reactor failure and release unlikely, but could cause thousands of deaths and long- term contamination

Typically low Low after construction

Large power plants only

Can run all the time

Solar photovoltaic

Widely available

Limited Used to generate electricity

Low risk Low Very low Flexible Daily and seasonal variability

Hydropower Found in a limited number of places

Cannot be moved

Mostly used to generate electricity, but sometimes for mechanical Energy

Dam collapse rare, but could cause thousands of deaths

Low, but permanent disruption to upstream and downstream ecosystems

Low after construction

Flexible but depends on location

Can run all the time

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Advantages and Disadvantages of Energy Sources (2 of 3)

Source Geographic Distribution Portability Versatility

Worst-Case Event

Day-to-day Pollution (Not Climate Change)

Climate Change Potential Scale

Reliabi lity

Natural gas

Found in a limited number of places

Can be piped or trucked; often condensed

Can be used for heating, cooking, transportation, and industry

Natural gas plant or pipeline explosion unlikely, but could cause hundreds of deaths

Lowest of the fossil fuels; can burn cleanly

High Flexible Can run all the time

Coal Found in a Limited number of places

Fuel can be moved, but must be used in a fixed location

Used to generate electricity, for heating, and in industry

Power plant failure could cause some deaths

Difficult to burn cleanly; releases sulfur, nitrogen, and soot to air, land, and water

Highest Flexible Can run all the time

Oil Found in a limited number of countries

Highly portable, Especially when refined into gasoline, diesel, and other fuels

Highly versatile; can be used for heating, cooking, transportation, and industry

Refinery accident could cause some deaths

Refining can be dirty, and burning gasoline, diesel, and other fuels releases Pollutants

High Very flexible

Can run all the time

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Advantages and Disadvantages of Energy Sources (3 of 3)

Source Geographic Distribution Portability Versatility

Worst- Case Event

Day-to-day Pollution (Not Climate Change)

Climate Change Potential Scale Reliability

Wind Available in most countries, but not everywhere in those countries

Cannot be moved

Mostly used to generate electricity, but sometimes for mechanical energy

Low risk Low Low Flexible Seasonal and unpredictable variability

Geothermal Available in most countries, but not everywhere in those countries

Cannot be moved

Used to generate electricity, occasionally for heating

Low risk Low Low Usually mid to large scale

Can run all the time

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Energy Consumption Worldwide

• Differs between developing and developed nations o < 20% of world’s population use 60% of the world’s energy

sources

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Energy Consumption in U.S.

• U.S. consumed 20% of the world total energy in 2014 • Figure shows energy supply and usage in 2015

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Energy Efficiency

• Using less energy to accomplish a given task, as, for example, with new technology

• Ranges from 0–100% o Natural gas (cooking) ~100% o Natural gas (electricity) ~60% o Incandescent bulbs ~2-3% o Compact fluorescent bulbs ~10% o Light-emitting diodes ~20%

• How can shifting from one sort of light bulb to another affect climate change?

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Energy Intensity Table 10.2 Comparison of 1980, 2006, and 2014 Energy Intensities for Selected Countries

Country Energy Intensity* in 1980

Energy Intensity* in 2006

Energy Intensity* in 2014

Kenya 4473 3393 2968

India 7870 7477 9140

Japan 7834 6492 3352

Mexico 6052 6116 5057

France 8684 6596 3244

China 37,279 13,780 8588

United States 15,135 8841 4179

Canada 18,701 13,097 7246

*In Btu per U.S. dollars of GDP, normalized to 2000.

Source: Energy Information Administration.

• Energy Intensity- measure of energy use per $ of GDP

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Energy Efficient Buildings

• Superinsulated buildings use 70-90% less heat

• NAECA sets national standards for appliances o By 2010, energy use saved

equal to 51 coal-fired power plants

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Energy Efficient Offices

• Superinsulated office building

• South facing windows • Insulating glass • No furnace • New push for zero net

energy buildings o Produce as much or more

energy than they consume

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Energy Efficient Commercial Buildings (1 of 2)

• High-performing buildings pay for themselves o Use ~20% less energy o 2 2Cost $3-$5 more per ft , but save = $67 per ft over life of building

Table 10.3 Energy-Efficiency Upgrades in Selected Commercial Buildings

Project Energy Payback Time*

Unexpected Benefits Attributed to Project**

Energy-efficient lighting (post office in Nevada)

6 years 6% increase in mail-sorting productivity

Energy-efficient (metal-halide) lighting (aircraft assembly plant in Washington)

2 years Up to 20% better quality control

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Energy Efficient Commercial Buildings (2 of 2)

Project Energy Payback Time* Unexpected Benefits Attributed to Project**

Energy-efficient lighting (drafting area of utility company in Pennsylvania)

About 4 years 25% lower absenteeism; 12% increase in drawing productivity

Energy-efficient lighting and air conditioning (office building in Wisconsin)

0 years (paid for by utility rebates); energy savings estimated at 40%

16% increase in worker productivity

Energy-saving daylighting, passive solar heating, heat recovery system (bank in Amsterdam)

3 months 15% lower absenteeism

*How long it takes for energy savings to cover the cost of the project.

**Lighting quality as well as lighting efficiency is improved, resulting in greater worker comfort.

Source: Rocky Mountain Institute.

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Energy Efficiency - Power Companies

• Demand-side management o Decreases demand for electricity o Cash rewards/incentives to customers who install energy-

efficient technologies o Energy companies may give away free energy-efficient

appliances, light bulbs, etc. o Benefits both customer and electric company

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Energy Efficient Transportation

• Most energy in gasoline is wasted o Most energy lost in combustion as heat o Energy lost in braking, idling o Energy lost in friction with road o Energy lost in moving weight of car (not passengers) o Bad driving habits waste gas

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Energy Efficiency and Modern Vehicles • Modern Vehicle Design

o Use of Kevlar and plastics to reduce weight o Gasoline-electric hybrid engines (Prius)

• Regenerative braking recaptures lost energy • Operate at lower temperatures

• New U.S. automobile fuel efficiency targets of 54.5 mpg by 2025 o Including minivans, light trucks, and SUVs

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Saving Energy at Home

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Energy Efficiency - Industry

• Cogeneration- production of two useful forms of energy from the same fuel o Most effective on small scale

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Energy Conservation

• Requires a change in behaviors and practices o Reduce commute length o Use public transportation or bike to work o Turn off lights when not in use o Reduce temperature on thermostat at night

• Some changes would be difficult - e.g., removing subsidies o Allow product prices to reflect true cost of production

(including energy costs) o Increase price of gasoline to represent true price

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Energy for Transportation – Input and Price Table 10.4 A Comparison of Gasoline Prices in Selected Countries (Including Taxes, in 2016 dollars)

Country Regular Gasoline Price (Dollars per Gallon) in 2001

Regular Gasoline Price (Dollars per Gallon) in 2008

Regular Gasoline Price (Dollars per Gallon) in 2016

United States

$2.03 $3.88 $2.57

Canada 2.40 4.99 3.52

Mexico 3.32 3.50 3.60

Turkey 4.11 10.75 5.37

France 4.83 8.86 5.64

*Source: Energy Information Administration.

Table 10.5 A Comparison of Energy Input for Different Kinds of Transportation Method of Transportation

Energy Input (in BTUs)*per Person, per Mile

Automobile (driver only)

6530

Rail 3534

Carpool 2230

Vanpool 1094

Bus 939

*BTU stands for British thermal unit, an energy unit equivalent to 252 calories or 1054 joules.

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Electricity

• The flow of electrons in a wire • Can be generated from almost

any energy source o Energy source spins a turbine o Turbine turns a generator

• Bundle of wires spin around a magnet or vice versa

o Spinning causes electrons to move in a wire = electricity

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Forms and Uses of Electricity

• Various storage mechanisms and forms of electricity • Motors and batteries • Direct Current (DC) - electrons flowing through a wire in

a single direction • Alternating Current (AC) - electrons moving back and

forth very quickly within the wire

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Hydrogen and Fuel Cells

• Hydrogen gas (H2) o Comprised of two hydrogen molecules o Large amounts of available energy o Explodes when combined with oxygen releasing energy

and forming water

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Hydrogen as a Fuel Source

• Advantages o Very high energy density o Can be produced from any electrical source

• Electrolysis • Produces no greenhouse gases and few other pollutants

o Can be used in vehicles • Disadvantages o Highly volatile (requires special storage) o Relatively inefficient

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Electrolysis

• Process of using electricity to separate water into O2 and H2

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Hydrogen Fuel Cell

• Device that directly converts chemical energy into electricity

• Requires hydrogen from a tank and oxygen from the air

• Similar to a battery, but reactants are supplied from outside source

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Future Applications of Fuel Cells

• Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles o Not yet commonly available o < 220mi on single tank;

commercial vehicles ~310mi o Still few Hydrogen stations; > 100

stations in U.S. (2013) • Iceland plans first fleet of buses • Major advantage – independence

from fuel sources • Flexible fuel vehicles

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Energy Storage

• Many energy resources are not available when we want them o Too little: Solar and wind can be intermittent o Too much: Large coal and nuclear plants are most

efficient with constant energy output • Solution = storage of unused energy o Less than 100% efficient o With each conversion, less energy is available

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Types of Energy Storage Options

• Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage

• Compressed Air Energy Storage

• Electrochemical Energy Storage (Batteries)

• Pumped Hydroelectric Storage • Thermal Energy Storage • Kinetic Energy Storage

(Flywheel)

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U.S. Energy Policy

• Objective 1: Increase Energy Efficiency and Conservation o Requires many unpopular decisions because need to

balance short term loss with long term gain o Example: decrease speed limit to conserve fuel (55mph,

use increases Objective 2: Secu~50% at 75mph)

• Objective 2: Secure Future Fossil Fuel Energy Supplies o Domestic sources o 3 concerns: security, environmental, and economic

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U.S. Energy Policy – Sustainability

• Objective 3: Develop Alternative Energy Sources o Recent policy changes:

• Consumers to sell energy back to grid • Better pricing of alternate sources

o Who should pay for this? Gas taxes? • Objective 4: Meet the First Three Objectives Without

Further Damage to the Environment o Tax fossil fuel use per barrel?

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Energy Policy and Climate Change

• Fossil fuels account for ~80% of global energy consumption

• Any policy that addresses climate change will be an energy policy

• Benefits are global, but often difficult for individual companies to capture

• Well-designed policies can promote commitments to technologies and practices with long-term benefits

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Copyright

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