Health perpective

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Major Diseases

CHAPTER 10

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Chapter 10
Major Diseases

Learning Outcomes:

  • Identify agents and vectors involved in the spread of infectious diseases
  • Describe the process of infection, and the role of the body’s immune system
  • Discuss prevention and treatments for colds and influenza
  • Name and describe common infectious diseases
  • Evaluate your personal infectious disease risk factors, and strategies to decrease risk

Infectious Diseases

Infection is triggered by a pathogen (disease-causing organism) that is transmitted to the host (person or population) by a vector (biological or physical vehicle)

Types of microbes that can cause infection are:

Viruses Fungi

Bacteria Protozoa

Helminths (Parasitic Worms)

Agents of Infection: Viruses

  • The most common viruses are as follows:
  • Rhinoviruses and Adenoviruses: which get into the mucous membranes and cause upper respiratory tract infections and colds
  • Influenza viruses: can change their outer protein coats so dramatically that individuals resistant to one strain cannot fight off a new one
  • Herpes viruses: take up permanent residence in the cells and periodically flare up
  • Papillomaviruses: may be responsible for a rise in the incidence of cervical cancer among younger women
  • Hepatitis viruses: cause several forms of liver infection, ranging from mild to life threatening
  • Slow viruses: give no early indication of their presence but can produce fatal illnesses within a few years

Agents of Infection: Viruses cont’d

  • Retroviruses: named for their backward (retro) sequence of genetic replication compared to other viruses. One retrovirus, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

  • Filoviruses: resemble threads and extremely lethal

Coronavirus 2019-COVID-19

  • CDC is responding to a pandemic of respiratory disease spreading from person-to-person caused by a novel (new) coronavirus. The disease has been named “coronavirus disease 2019” (abbreviated “COVID-19”)

  • COVID-19 is caused by a coronavirus. Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses that are common in people and many different species of animals, including camels, cattle, cats, and bats. 
  •  Reported illnesses have ranged from very mild (including some with no reported symptoms) to severe, including illness resulting in death. Older people and people of all ages with severe chronic medical conditions — like heart disease, lung disease and diabetes, for example — seem to be at higher risk of developing serious COVID-19 illness

Agents of Infection

  • Bacteria: are the most plentiful microorganisms as well as the most pathogenic.
  • Bacteria harm the body by releasing either enzymes that digest body cells or toxins that produce the specific effects of diseases such as diphtheria or toxic shock syndrome
  • Fungi: consist of threadlike fibers and reproductive spores. Fungi lack chlorophyll and must obtain their food from organic material, which may include human tissue
  • Protozoa: single-celled, microscopic animals release enzymes and toxins that destroy cells or interfere with their function. The most common disease caused by protozoa in the US is giardiasis, an intestinal infection caused by microorganisms in human and animal feces.
  • Helminths (Parasitic Worms): are small parasitic worms that attack specific tissue or organs and compete with the hosts for nutrients. Ex: the tapeworm may be contracted from eating undercooked beef, pork, or fish containing larval forms of the tapeworm

High risk population that can develop infections?

  • Children and their families: youngsters get up to a dozen colds annually; adults average two a year
  • Older adults: people over age 65 who get the flu have a 1 in 10 chance of being hospitalized for pneumonia or other respiratory problems and a 1 in 50 chance of dying from the disease
  • The chronically ill: lifelong diseases, such as diabetes, kidney disease, or sickle cell anemia, decreases an individual’s ability to fend off infections
  • Smokers and those with respiratory problems: smokers are a high risk group for respiratory infections and serious complications, such as pneumonia. Chronic breathing disorders, such as asthma and emphysema, also greatly increase the risk of respiratory infections
  • Those who live or work in close contact with someone sick: health care workers who treat high risk patients, nursing home residents and others living in close quarters (i.e. students at dormitories face greater risks of catching others colds and flus)

Modes of Transmission

Major vectors that transmit infectious disease to the host are:

Animals and Insects (house pets, livestock, birds, wild animals

Food (E. coli, Salmonella)

People (transmit pathogens through air, touch, or sexual contact)

Water (typhoid fever and cholera)

High Risk Populations: children and their families, elderly, chronically ill, smokers and those with respiratory problems, those who live/work near someone who is ill, residents/workers in poorly ventilated buildings

Immunity against Viruses

One can develop an immunity toward viruses either by having the infection and producing antibodies (active natural immunity), or by being immunized with an “attenuated” vaccine so that the body is triggered to produce antibodies (active artificial immunity)

It is important to stay current with your vaccinations, both for your own health and those around you

Common Infectious Diseases

“Common Cold” - 200+ cold viruses

Influenza – Get vaccinated!

  • Influenza A and Influenza B-cause most flus
  • CDC recommends an annual flu shot for everyone over the age of 6 months
  • H1N1 – 2009 pandemic, still around today

Meningitis: attacks the membranes around the brain and spinal cord caused by the bacterium Neisseria Meningitidis

  • 30% of cases - 15-24 year olds
  • 1 in 5 suffers long-term effects
  • Prevent through vaccination
  • Know the early symptoms – seek medical help

Common Infectious Diseases

Hepatitis – 5+ viruses

  • Targets the liver, common symptoms
  • Hepatitis A: mainly food/water-borne, vaccination
  • Hepatitis B: blood and bodily fluids, mainly through sexual contact; vaccination
  • Hepatitis C: no vaccine, risk factors include exposure to infected blood, illegal drug use, tattoos, body piercing – make sure professional and sterile equipment

Insect-and Animal-Borne Infections

Enjoy the outdoors but take precautions

  • Lyme Disease – spread mainly by deer ticks

Symptoms include heart arrhythmias, joint inflammation, headaches, memory lapses

Bull’s eye rash

  • West Nile Virus – spread by mosquitoes

flu-like symptoms, can interfere with normal central nervous system function and inflammation of brain tissue

Seasonal, with elevated numbers again in 2012

Insect-and Animal-Borne Infections

  • Zika Virus
  • First discovered in 1947, the Zika virus often causes no symptoms or mild ones similar to those of other infections
  • In 2016, after cases were confirmed in South America, the World Health Organization(WHO) declared Zika virus a public health emergency of international concerns
  • Transmission:
  • Through a mosquito bite
  • From mother to child
  • Through sexual contact
  • Through blood transfusion

Insect-and Animal-Borne Infections

  • Avian Influenza
  • Aka “Bird Flu” is caused by viruses that occur naturally among wild birds and usually does not infect humans

  • However, influenza jumped form birds to humans three times in the 20th century

  • In each case, a mutation in the genes of the virus allowed it to infect humans. Then a further change allowed the virus to pass easily from one human to another, and it spread rapidly around the world

Other Infectious Diseases

  • Epstein-Barr Virus – (member of the herpes virus family) causes infectious mononucleosis
  • Infectious Mononucleosis- viral disease transmitted through kissing or any other close contact
  • Chronic Fatigue Syndrome-complex disorder characterized by profound fatigue that does not improve with bedrest
  • Tuberculosis-highly contagious bacterial infection that claims the lives of more people than any other acute infectious disease other than pneumonia
  • MRSA – Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus
  • aka “super bug” fights off traditional antibiotics
  • Has a become a major health threat

Cardiometabolic Health

Referring to the heart and to the biochemical processes involved in the body’s functioning

Risk Factors You Can Control [modifiable]

Overweight/obesity - High Blood Glucose

- Weight circumference - Hypertension

Physical inactivity - Cholesterol Levels

Tobacco Use - Triglycerides

Risk Factors You Cannot Control [non-modifiable]

Age Race Sex Heredity

Metabolic Syndrome

A cluster of disorders of the body’s metabolism that make diabetes, heart disease, or stroke more likely

Characteristics:

  • Larger-than-normal waist measurement
  • Higher-than-normal triglycerides, blood pressure, fasting blood sugar
  • Lower-than-normal HDL

Diabetes

  • Insulin Resistance
  • Pre-diabetes
  • Types:
  • Type 1 – pancreas makes little or no insulin
  • Type 2 – pancreas doesn’t make enough, or body can’t use, insulin
  • Gestational Diabetes – develops while pregnant

Signs and Symptoms

High Blood Pressure

Lipoprotein Profile - Cholesterol

If you are 20+, time to get it checked

  • Know your numbers: Table 10.6

Lowering cholesterol:

  • Dietary changes
  • Weight management
  • Physical activity
  • Medications only if necessary

Cardiovascular Disease

  • Physical & Psychological Risk Factors
  • Coronary Artery Disease
  • Atherosclerosis

  • Heart Attack

Stroke

  • Risk Factors:
  • Sex, race, age
  • Obesity, hypertension, high RBC, heart disease, blood fats, diabetes, HRT, diet

Know the Signs – Time is critical

Cancer

  • Second Leading Cause of Death in U.S.
  • “Relative Risk” Factors
  • Heredity
  • Racial/Ethnic Groups
  • Age, Sex
  • Obesity
  • Infectious Agents (e.g. HPV)
  • Behaviors (e.g. smoking)

Skin Cancer

  • Tanning & Tanning Beds
  • Increased risk: fair skin, history of sunburns, family history, high number of moles

Breast Cancer

  • Risk Factors

Age - Family History

Age at birth of 1st child - Obesity

Breast Biopsies - Occupation

Early Menarche - Race/Ethnicity

Hormone therapy - Alcohol

Sedentary Lifestyle

Self-care

  • Important to conduct monthly self-exams
  • Skin
  • Breast
  • Testicular

  • Have regular physical exams and tests as recommended

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