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Essentials of Sociology

Thirteenth Edition

Chapter 1

The Sociological Perspective

Figure 1.1 Suicide of Americans Ages 18-24

A comparison of male to female suicide rates in 18- to 24-year-olds across various racial-ethnic groups.

Source: By the author. Based on CDC 2015a: Figure 1.

Figure 1.2 The Forgotten Sociologists

A photo wheel identifying prominent early female sociologists.

Figure 1.3 Comparing Basic and Applied Sociology

A continuum showing the relationship of basic to public to applied sociology.

Source: By the author. Based on DeMartini 1982, plus events since then.

Figure 1.4 Call-Back Rates by Race-Ethnicity and Criminal Record

As shown in this graph, a study showed that even whites with criminal histories were called back more than African Americans.

Source: Courtesy of Devah Pager.

Figure 1.5 U.S. Marriage, U.S. Divorce

Line graph depicting changes in U.S. marriage and divorce rates over time.

Source: By the author. Based on Statistical Abstract of the United States 1998:Table 92 and 2017:Tables 82, 141; earlier editions for earlier years. The broken lines indicate the author’s estimates.

Figure 1.6 Western Marriage

Chart illustrating the shift in priorities that has taken place over time within marriages in the West.

Source: By the author.

Levels of Analysis: Macro and Micro (2 of 2)

Table 1.1 Three Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology
Theoretical Perspective	Usual Level of Analysis	Focus of Analysis	Key Terms	Applying the Perspective to the U.S. Divorce Rate
Symbolic Interactionism	Microsociological: examines small-scale patterns of social interaction	Face-to-face interaction, how people use symbols to create social life	Symbols Interaction Meanings Definitions	Industrialization and urbanization changed marital roles and led to a redefinition of love, marriage, children, and divorce.
Functional Analysis (also called functionalism and structural functionalism)	Macrosociological: examines large-scale patterns of society	Relationships among the parts of society; how these parts are functional (have beneficial consequences) or dysfunctional (have negative consequences)	Structure Functions (manifest and latent) Dysfunctions Equilibrium	As social change erodes the traditional functions of the family, family ties weaken, and the divorce rate increases.
Conflict Theory	Macrosociological: examines large-scale patterns of society	The struggle for scarce resources by groups in a society; how the elites use their power to control the weaker groups	Inequality Power Conflict Competition Exploitation	When men control economic life, the divorce rate is low because women find few alternatives to a bad marriage. The high divorce rate reflects a shift in the balance of power between men and women.

Source: By the author

Table 1.2 - How to Read a Table

Table 1.3 – Three Ways to Measure “Average”

Figure 1.7 The Research Model

Chart showing the steps of the research model.

Surveys (3 of 3)

Table 1.4 Closed- and Open-Ended Questions
A. Closed-Ended Question	B. Open-Ended Question
Which of the following best fits your idea of what should be done to someone who has been convicted of spouse abuse?	What do you think should be done to someone who has been convicted of spouse abuse?
1. Probation
2. Jail time
3. Community service
4. Counseling
5. Divorce
6. Nothing—It’s a family matter

Figure 1.8 The Experiment

Chart showing the stages of a formal experiment.

Source: By the author.

Photo Credits

Chapter 1 001: Marie Bertrand/Corbis/Getty Images; 003: Newscom; 004: Miva Stock/Danita Delimont Photography/Newscom; 005: Roger-Viollet/The Image Works; 005: Roger-Viollet/The Image Works; 006: Hulton Deutsch/Corbis Historical/Getty Images; 006: World History Archive/Newscom; 007: Bettmann/Getty Images; 008: akg-images/Newscom; 009: Bettmann/Getty Images; 009: Bettmann/Getty Images; 009: Bettmann/Getty Images; 009: Pictorial Press Ltd/Alamy Stock Photo; 009: ullstein bild/Getty Images; 009: Mary Evans Picture Library/The Image Works; 009: Courtesy of Wellesley College Archives; 009: The University of Chicago Library Special Collections Research Center; 009: The University of Chicago Library Special Collections Research Center; 009: Pearson Education; 010: Lebrecht Music and Arts Photo Library/Alamy Stock Photo; 010: Picture History/Newscom; 011: George Barker/Library of Congress/Corbis Historical/Getty Images; 011: Everett Collection/Newscom; 012: Fritz Goro/The LIFE Picture Collection/Getty Images; 014: University of Chicago; 016: Pictorial Parade/Archive Photos/Getty Images; 018: Everett Collection Historical/Alamy Stock Photo; 020: bilwissedition Ltd. & Co. KG/Alamy Stock Photo; 022: Jeff Moore/Splash News/Newscom; 025: Robert Weber/The New Yorker Collection/The Cartoon Bank; 026: Miller, Wiley/www.CartoonStock.com; 026: Liang Fuying/Xinhua News Agency/Newscom; 027: Tetra Images/Superstock; 028: Dinodia/The Image Works; 029: Sudhir Venkatesh; 030: Leonora Saunders/Cultura RM/Alamy Stock Photo; 032: Monty Rakusen/Cultura Creative (RF)/Alamy Stock Photo; 033: Zoriah/EyePress/Newscom;