Terrorism Threat

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02/09/22

Terrorism Today: The Past, The Players, The Future

6th Edition

Chapter 5 Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Learning Outcomes (1 of 2)

5.1 Describe the incidents and events that characterized the ‘Troubles’

5.2 Analyze the structures of the Catholic and Protestant terrorist organizations operating in Northern Ireland

5.3 List the political objectives of Sinn Fein

5.4 Describe how Islamist radical organizations have operated in a liberal society

5.5 Summarize the value and effectiveness of the Diplock Commission

Learning Outcomes (2 of 2)

5.6 Discuss how UK’s Counterterror legislation has evolved to control the radical jihadist threat to the United Kingdom

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Figure 5.1

Map of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

5.1 Describe the incidents and events that characterized the ‘Troubles’

➢1968-1998 – The Troubles

➢1968 – Civil rights marches – Northern Ireland

➢Martin Luther King

➢Protestant discrimination – jobs and housing

➢Centuries of social injustice

➢Central issues – discrimination and religion

5.1 The ‘Troubles’

➢Civil Rights – Sectarian violence

➢Police – request military support

➢British Army – not trained for the role

➢Sectarian violence – Belfast and Londonderry

➢Protestant and Catholic neighborhoods

➢Official IRA

➢Provisional IRA

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5.1 Internment

❑ Failed experiment – reintroduced in 1971

❑ Aimed to control fervent Irish republican movement

❑ Poor intelligence – few IRA men interned

❑ Special Powers Act – indefinite detention without trial

❑ 900 interned – did little to prevent the ongoing violence

Figure 5.4

Mural commemorating the death of Bobby Sands who died on hunger strike in Maze Prison

5.1 PIRA – International terrorism

❑ PIRA – North Africa, Europe, Middle East and North and South America

❑ PIRA – most well trained and equipped

❑ Libya – weapons and explosives

❑ Active Service Units – three man cell structure

❑ PIRA – target for British SAS

❑ Gibraltar

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Figure 5.7

Mural commemorating the deaths of Sean Savage and Dan McCann killed by British SAS in Gibraltar in March 1988 – Courtesy Chief Superintendent Tony Forward

5.2 Analyze the structures of the Catholic and Protestant terrorist organizations operating in Northern Ireland

❑ Loyalist v Republican (Protestant v Catholic)

❑ Para-militaries – set up along religious lines

❑ Turf wars – violent sectarianism

❑ UDA/UFF – largest of loyalist para-militaries

❑ UDA – proscribed 1992 – politically savvy

❑ Red Hand of Ulster – Ulster Volunteer Force

5.2 Irish National Liberation Army (INLA)

❑ Offshoot from original IRA

❑ Uses various other names – HQ in Dublin

❑ Small numbers – rejects both IRA and PIRA ideology

❑ Active Belfast and Londonderry – socialist republic

❑ Removal of all British troops from Ireland

❑ Assassination – Airey Neeve - London

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5.2 Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF)

❑ Originates from 1912 – opposed Home Rule

❑ Early 1970’s – Protestant (loyalist) para-military

❑ Eighteen hundred members

❑ Protestant heritage – secure constitutional position with United Kingdom

❑ Indiscriminate violent attacks – Catholic civilians

❑ Operates – Shankhill Road area Belfast and County Antrim

5.2 Orange Volunteers (OV)

✓Origins – Protestant Orange Order

✓Marching season – flashpoint

✓Small group – unsophisticated attacks – pipe bombs

✓Turf wars

✓Good Friday Agreement

5.2 Turf Wars

➢1970’s early days of the Troubles – tit for tat killings

➢Motivation – sectarian hatred

➢Regional feuding – part ideological part criminal (material gains)

➢Criminal control of housing districts in Belfast and Londonderry

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5.3 List the political objectives of Sinn Fein

✓ Irish Republicans – a united Ireland

✓ Long held demand – separation from U.K

✓ Goulding – Catholic and Protestant Workers Group

✓ Sinn Fein – political wing of current Irish republican movement (PIRA)

✓ Adams and McGuiness elected as Members of Parliament (House of Commons U.K.)

5.4 Describe how Islamist radical organizations have operated in a liberal society

❑ Three million Muslims – resident in U.K.

❑ Many escaped repressive regimes

❑ Liberal society – made easy opportunity to set up Islamist charities and organizations

❑ Wanted terrorists found sanctuary in U.K.

❑ Hizb ut-Tahrir remained legal in U.K.

❑ Islamist groups operating in U.K

5.4 Islamist /Terrorist Groups in U.K.

✓Abu Qatada, Omar Bakr Mohammed, Abu Hamza al-Masri

✓Hamas, Shining Path, Gama’a al-Islamiyya, Hezbollah, LTTE and Kurdistan Workers Party

✓Radical preaching (free speech) – Finsbury Park Mosque London

✓Connection to terrorist plots – Richard Reid

✓Omar Bakr Mohammed – al-Muhajiroun – glorification of terrorism

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5.4 Tablighi Jamaat

➢ Radical – Extreme Sunni Islamist revivalist movement

➢ 1920’s – spread from India

➢ Europe HQ – Dewsbury, Yorkshire. U.K.

➢ Following – from across Europe and U.K.

➢ 2005 London bomber Mohammed Siddique Khan

➢ Need for primacy over non-Muslim world

5.5 Summarize the value and effectiveness of the Diplock Commission

• Northern Ireland Emergency Powers Act 1973

• Controlling terrorism in a democracy

• Safety of security forces and judiciary

• “Scheduled Offences”

• Suspects – held seventy-two hours

• No Bail

• Trial by judge – no jury trials

5.5 Diplock Courts

➢ Introduced – 1972

➢ Witness intimidation led to non-jury trials

➢ Trial – without jury

➢ For weapons and explosive cases onus reversed and on accused to prove innocence

➢ 300 trials per year were held without jury

➢ PIRA attacked judges

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5.6 Discuss how the U.K.’s counterterror legislation has evolved to control the radical jihadist threat

• Counterterror legislation aimed at Irish domestic threats

• Focussed on international threats from Libya following Pan Am bombing – Lockerbie, Scotland

• Took eleven years to bring to

trial Libyans responsible

5.6 Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005

✓ U.K. historical experience with terrorism

✓ Cohesive counter terror posture

✓ U.K. has a powerful and resourceful intelligence service

✓ Strong in areas of digital intelligence

✓ Control Orders – any suspected terrorist

✓ Terrorism Act 2006

5.6 Terrorism Act 2006

❑ Acts preparatory to terrorism

❑ Encouragement to terrorism

❑ Dissemination of terrorist publications

❑ Terrorist training offences

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5.6 Shoot to kill policy

➢ A dangerous policy

➢ 2005 - failed suicide bombings in London on July 21st

➢ 2005 - July 22nd – fatal shooting by armed police of Brazilian man – not connected to terrorism

➢ Armed police common sight on London streets and airports

Figure 5.13

On August 13th 2016 the Commissioner, Sir Bernard Hogan-Howe and the Mayor of London Sadiq Khan announced the start of Operation Hercules in which additional firearms officers will be deployed in visible roles in the capital

5.6 Counterterrorism and Security Bill

Police power to stop and interrupt travel to fight with terrorist groups elsewhere

Strengthen ability to monitor those in U.K.

Five hundred have already traveled to Middle East to fight

Barring foreign nationals from re-entering U.K. if they have been involved in terrorism

De-radicalization programs

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5. Review Questions (1 of 2)

1. Describe the conditions that led to the “Troubles” in Northern Ireland.

2. Analyze the various methods employed by the British government to stem the tide of terrorism.

3. Describe the importance of “marching season” and its historical context.

5. Review Questions (2 of 2)

4. List and explain the application of the Diplock Commission and Scheduled Offenses in efforts to bring terrorists to trial.

5. Explain how extreme Islamic ideology has been able to flourish in the United Kingdom.

6. Summarize the content of the Terrorism Act 2006.