Terrorism

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02/09/22

Terrorism Today: The Past, The Players, The Future

6th Edition

Chapter 2 A Brief History of Terrorism

Learning Outcomes

2.1 Describe how violence becomes terrorism and its historical roots.

2.1 List the five areas where state-sponsored terrorism can achieve its ends

2.3 Describe how social media and internet resources have become the modern communication tools for sophisticated terror groups

2.4 Compare and contrast Islamism and Jihad

2.5 Summarize how media and modern media models work for and against terrorists

2.1 Describe how violence becomes terrorism and its historical roots

➢Violence – Logical Progression

➢Formation of Intent

➢Execution

➢Immediate Consequences

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2.1 Earlier and more recent examples of terrorism

• 44 BC – assassination Julius Caesar

• 1939 – assassination Arch Duke Franz Ferdinand

• 1984 – assassination – Indira Gandhi

2.1 Assassination - Origin

➢ Assassins – Group of sectarian Muslims

➢ Middle ages - Hashashin

➢ Target religious enemies

2.1 ZEALOTS

➢ Zealots – first known terror attacks

➢ Resisted Romans in what is now Israel

➢ Attacks intended to spread fear in community

➢ Attacks likened to 20th and 21st century terrorism

➢ Islamic 21st century jihad

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2.1 Terror – Religion – The Middle East

TERRORISM

ISLAM

JUDAISM & CHRISTIANITY

Figure 2.1

Countries with the most terrorist attacks and total deaths worldwide in 2015

2.2 List the five areas where state-sponsored terrorism can meet its ends

• Advantages – State sponsors ❖Low Cost – Financially

❖Low Cost – Politically

❖High Yield – Financially

❖Low Risk Politically

❖Low Risk - Financially

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2.2 U.S. Designated Sponsor List

• States designated as sponsors of terrorism (2002) – CUBA, IRAN, IRAQ, SYRIA, NORTH KOREA, SUDAN,

LIBYA

• Iraq removed from list /U.S. invasion

• As of 2016 ONLY remaining LISTED sponsors of terrorism are:

– IRAN

– SYRIA

– SUDAN

2.2 Combatting State Sponsors - downtrend

• Bilateral and Multilateral Sanctions

• Targeting state sponsors and

• International terrorism

2.2 Sanctions for Sate Sponsors

• U.S. Government

• FOUR main sets of significant sanctions

• To restrict and curtail global activity

• Ban on arms related sales and export

• Export controls – dual use items

• Prohibition on economic assistance

• Imposition of miscellaneous financial restrictions

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2.3 Describe how social media and internet resources have become the modern communications tools for sophisticated terror groups

Terror Groups

• Facebook

• Twitter

• Kik

• Wickr

• Chat Rooms

• The Dark Web

2.3 Internet converts to jihad?

• Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab – the Underwear bomber – Northwest Airlines Flight #253- Detroit December 25th 2009

• Major Nidal Hassan – U.S. Army – Fort Hood shooter

2.3 Media – 21st Century View

• TERRORIST NEEDS

• GOVERNMENT NEEDS

• MEDIA NEEDS

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2.3 Terrorist needs - media

✓A sympathetic ear (audience)

✓Editorial spin (newsworthy)

✓Legitimacy of their cause

✓Sympathetic voice within a media target

2.3 Government needs - media

✓ Support for government course of action

✓Need media to deny platform to terrorists

✓Present terrorists as criminals

✓Avoid glamorization

✓Reassurance to the public

✓Restrict broadcast of critical information

2.3 Media and Terrorism

• 21st century media

• Anyone with iPhone and internet

• Rush to scoop a story

• Internet utilization by terrorist groups

• On-line publications

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2.4 Compare and contrast Islamism and Jihad

ISLAMISM

➢Turning Islam into an ideology

➢Demands total adherence to Islam

➢Islamic version of totalitarianism

2.4 Peace or War

➢ Islam – religion of peace or war?

➢ Interpretations of the Holy Quran

➢ Differing viewpoints within Islam

➢ Similar differing viewpoints in Christian religion

2.4 Osama bin Laden

• Militant Jihad ▪ Religious duty

• Clash of civilizations – al Qaeda version of Islam ▪ East v West (Muslim v Christian)

• Al Qaeda – one solution ▪ Apocalyptic showdown – violence not peace

• Violent overthrow ▪ Muslim countries supporting the West

▪ Target – U.S. driven economy – cannot accept battleground casualties

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Figure 2.2

Suicide attacks by year worldwide 1982-1999

Figure 2.2

Suicide attacks by year worldwide 2000-2015

2.5 Summarize how media and modern media models work for and against terrorists

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2. Review Questions

1. Explain how social media plays a role in recruiting terrorist sympathizers and the areas of the Internet where recruiting may take place.

2. Describe the difference between Islam and Islamism.

3. Compare recent terror attacks and determine whether they would be classified as low cost or high cost operations financially.

4. Analyze a recent terrorist incident in the West and discuss whether these perpetrators were radicalized homegrown terrorists and how they might have been prevented from taking such action.