250 short essay ! Due tonight!

SCOOBYR

Chapter01-ethic.pdf

Home >English homework help >Article writing homework help >250 short essay ! Due tonight!

Chapter One

Human Value Development

Human Behavior

• Human behavior is not random

• We are attempting to achieve

something

• Beyond reflexes and instincts, we

seem to be attending to:

– Needs

– Values

Hierarchy of Needs

• Abraham Maslow – motivation based

on needs:

– Physiological

– Safety

– Social

– Esteem

– Self-actualization

Motivation by Values

• The difference between “is” and

“ought”:

– Inner voice telling us what we ought to

do, even in the face of pressing needs

– Consider the males on the Titanic –

what was their need? What did they feel

they “ought” to do?

Value System

• Values:

– Inner set of subjective feelings, attitudes,

beliefs, and opinions that guide our

understanding of what ought to be

• Rank the following in importance to you:

– Freedom from constraint

– Privacy

– Group identification

– Freedom from disability

Human Values

• The case of Neanderthal Man

• What tells you he was a creature of

values?

Value Theorists

• Jean Piaget

• Lawrence Kohlberg

• Carol Gilligan

• Morris Massey

Kohlberg Model

• Level One – Preconventional Morality

– Stage 1. Reward and Punishment

– Stage 2. Individualism and Exchange

• Level Two – Conventional Morality

– Stage 3. Good Boy/Good Girl

– Stage 4. Law and Order Orientation

Kohlberg Model (continued)

• Level Three – Postconventional

Morality

– Stage 5. Social Contract

– Stage 6. Universal Principles

Gilligan Challenge

• Boys and girls may follow different

developmental paths in gaining value

systems – two separate paths that

lead to different highest values

• Highest Value:

– Legalistic equality for males

– Personal responsibility for females

Gilligan Challenge (continued)

• If different paths, should this lead to

differing value models?

– Males – a model based on equality and

justice

– Females – a model based on caring

• Can one truly function without the

other?

Massey’s Value Cohorts

• “You are what you are because of

where you were when.”

– Significant emotional events happen to

the society as a whole

– People within a historical time frame are

shaped by the same significant events

– Time frame cohorts share similar values

based on shared experiences

Massey’s Value Cohorts (continued)

• Traditionalists

– Great Depression – World War II

• In-betweeners

– Post World War II America – Cold War

• Challengers

– Civil Rights movement – Vietnam

• Synthesizers

– Fall of Communism – Globalization

Value Cohorts

• How might significant emotional

events shape society values?

– World War II

– Vietnam War

– Cold War

– Assassination of President Kennedy

– Fall of Berlin Wall

– Twin Towers attack

Personal Values

• What significant emotional events

shaped your personal value system?

• Starting with “I feel a person should,”

complete value statements for:

– Privacy

– Loyalty and trust

– Abortion

– Authority and social order

Key Concepts

• Values-based motivation is more

subjective than that based on needs

• Humans have an innate capacity to

acquire ethical beliefs taught by our

culture

• Jean Piaget, Lawrence Kohlberg, and

Carol Gilligan are important value

development theorists

Key Concepts (continued)

• The Kohlberg model provides for

three general levels of value

development:

– Preconventional

– Conventional

– Postconventional

• Each of these general levels is

divided into two stages

Key Concepts (continued)

• Kohlberg’s highest level for value

development is when the individual

makes a personal commitment to:

– Universal principles of equal rights

– Social justice

– Respect for the basic dignity of all

people as individuals

Key Concepts (continued)

• Carol Gilligan:

– Feminist value development

perspective, arguing that the Kohlberg

model is biased toward young men

– Young women follow a different

developmental path, placing personal

responsibility and caring as highest

values

Key Concepts (continued)

• Morris Massey – shaping of

generational values based on

historical events that shaped the

group as a whole:

– Traditionalists

– In-betweeners

– Challengers

– Synthesizers