Education Homework
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Chapter-20updatedFall2025.pptChapter 20
The African Transition Zone
Essential Question: What is the African transition zone?
On the Left Side of your Notes
Label and color all the countries below the African transition zone .
Teacher should have students identify these physical features on a map.
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Clan: A large group of people descended from the same ancestor
Oral Tradition: the practice of passing down stories from generation to generation by word of mouth .
Subsistence farming: farming the provides the basic needs of a family with little surplus
Crisis in Sudan
Sudan
The largest country in Africa, Sudan has been in near constant conflict since its independence from the UK in 1956.
The first civil war between the north and the south lasted from 1956 to 1972.
The second civil war began in 1983 and recently ended with the signing of a peace treaty on January 9, 2005.
This treaty does not address the atrocities in Darfur.
Map courtesy USAID
Darfur is located in western Sudan. The region is 25% larger than California, or about the size of France.
Darfur is home to some 80 tribes and ethnic groups divided between nomads and sedentary communities.
Darfur
Map courtesy The Save Darfur Coalition
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The Fur, Masaalit, Zaghawa, Jebel, Aranga, and other African tribes have been the victims of discrimination and repression by the Government of Sudan.
From http://www.islamonline.net
Government of Sudan launched a military campaign to destroy entire communities of African farmers.
The government armed and organized tribal militias (Janjaweed) to attack and forcibly displace hundreds of thousands of civilians.
Janjaweed fighters
The use of violence has been massive and indiscriminate, with civilians largely targeted.
The Janjaweed have destroyed villages, killed men and boys, raped women, razed crops, and destroyed water wells.
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Genocide in Darfur
Definition of “Genocide”
Article II of the 1948 Genocide Convention defines a genocide as “acts committed with the intent to destroy, in whole or part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group.”
These acts include
“Killing members of the group;
Causing serious bodily or mental harm to
members of the group;
Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions
of life calculated to bring about its physical
destruction in whole or in part.”
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United Nations Undersecretary-general
for Humanitarian Affairs Jan Egeland
Scorched earth tactics are being applied throughout Darfur, including the deliberate destruction of schools, wells, seed and food supplies, making whole towns and villages uninhabitable…I consider this to be ethnic cleansing. I cannot find any other word for it.
The vast majority of these victims are not associated with the SLA or JEM rebels. The only thing they have in common with the rebels is a shared ethnicity.
Four hundred thousand innocent civilians have died since the conflict began in February 2003.
Tens of thousands of people have been brutally murdered.
Through the eyes of a child
In the afternoon we returned from school and saw the planes…Then they began the bombing. The first bomb [landed] in our garden, then four bombs at once in the garden. The bombs killed six people, including a young boy.
Courtesy Human Rights Watch www.hrw.org
Taha, age 13 or 14
Burning of Um Zeifa village after Janjaweed looting and attack
Courtesy Brian Steidle
The attack on my village happened early in the morning. The Janjaweed and the Government soldiers were divided into three groups and each group had a different task.
The first group took every man between the age of 18 and 40. They put them on trucks. Another group looted our huts. And the last group took the cattle. The Janjaweed told us [the women] that they would bring our men to Deleig. When we arrived in Deleig two days later, we saw the dead bodies of our men laying on the ground in the streets.
Female refugee, age 30
Deleig (West Darfur)
Courtesy Brian Steidle
A one-year old girl, Mihad Hamid, whose lungs were punctured by a bullet as she and her mother tried to escape an attack from helicopter gunships and Janjaweed marauders on their village in October 2004.
This man lost his leg after being bombed by Sudanese government aircraft.
Courtesy Jerry Fowler, U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum Committee on Conscience
Copyright IRIN
This child was burned during a Darfur bombing raid.
Through the eyes of a child
Aid Worker: What is going on here?
Leila: My hut burning after being hit by a bomb.
Aid Worker: And here?
Leila: It’s a woman. She is
dead.
Aid Worker: Why is her face colored
in red?
Leila: Oh, because she has been shot in the face.
Aid Worker: What is this vehicle? Who is this in green?
Leila: That is a tank. The man in green is a soldier.
Leila, age 9
Courtesy Human Rights Watch www.hrw.org
Sudanese government officials claim they are trying to stop the Janjaweed. However, attacks by the Janjaweed are often preceded by air assaults by the Government of Sudan.
Courtesy Brian Steidle
A Sudanese government gunship (MI-24 Hind)
The government of Sudan bulldozed the Al Geer camp for displaced persons after chasing the people out in the middle of the night.
Courtesy Brian Steidle
I was in my house with my wife and children, when we suddenly heard some shooting. So we went outside. There were Janjaweed all around. They shot at me, in the chest, but I survived. But they killed my 3-year-old son, right in front of my eyes.
Male refugee, age 45
Deleig (West Darfur)
The Refugee Crisis
Almost 2 million people have been forced to flee from their homes.
From http://www.didaweb.net
1,660,000 Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) are living in refugee camps in Darfur.
203,000 Darfurians have fled to refugee camps in neighboring Chad.
WFP/Peter Smerdon
Morni camp, where nearly 70,000 internally displaced people have settled
Upon arriving at the camp sites, refugees build minimal shelters with basic materials such as wood, plastic sheeting and pieces of cloth or blankets.
In some cases, the new arrivals do not even have enough materials to build such shelters and must settle under trees with the few belongings they have.
Courtesy Josh Estey / CARE
Copyright IRIN
Courtesy WFP/Laura Melo
Courtesy Peter Biro
Most of these camps lack adequate food, shelter, sanitation, clean water and health care.
According to the World Health Organization, 15,000 people a month are dying from disease and malnutrition in refugee camps.
Water
Access to water is very limited. The large influx of refugees has overwhelmed available water resources.
Courtesy International Rescue Committee
Even when water is available, the quality is often unacceptable.
It is common for people to drink from puddles on the ground and from open, unprotected wells.
Courtesy International Rescue Committee
Sanitation
One quarter of reported deaths in the camps are caused by diarrhea. For children under the age of five, more than one third of deaths are caused by diarrheal diseases.
Access to latrines and washing areas is very limited, resulting in unsanitary living conditions.
From www.basicministries.info/
Pit latrine
Food
After diarrhea, the second leading cause of death in the refugee camps is malnutrition.
Copyright CARE/Evelyn Hockstein 2004
Copyright CARE/Evelyn Hockstein 2004
Long lines for food
AFP
Copyright Gerald Martone IRC
Copyright IRIN
Copyright Peter Biro IRC
In the displacement camps, refugees also face continued violence. They are the target of murders, assaults, and rapes even in the refugee camps.
This situation perverts the very notion of “refuge.”
Because men are at greater risk of being beaten or killed, women are often the ones who leave the refugee camps in search of firewood and water, thus putting themselves at risk of rape, beatings or death by the Janjaweed.
Courtesy Peter Biro
Courtesy Josh Estey/CARE
Copyright Evelyn Hockstein/Polaris
Through the eyes of a child
Mahmoud, age 13
Aid Worker: What’s happening here?
Mahmoud: These men in green are taking the women and the girls.
Aid Worker: What are they doing?
Mahmoud: They are forcing them to be wife.
Courtesy Human Rights Watch www.hrw.org
Associated Press Photo / Karel Prinsloo
Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful committed citizens can change the world. Indeed, it is the only thing that ever has.
Margaret Mead
What the U.S. is Doing
The U.S. has done more than any other nation in the world. However, we can and must do more.
In the Senate, Sen. Sam Brownback (R-KS) and Sen. Jon Corzine (D-NJ) have introduced the Darfur Accountability Act (S. 495).
In the House, a bipartisan group of representatives has introduced the Darfur Peace and Accountability Act (H.R. 3127).
Canvas Review Question:
In your own words answer this question with facts from the notes and videos: What is the lasting impact that violence and forced relocation can have on the culture of a civilization? (2 Paragraphs)
