aviation assignment for MGMT

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Chapter 9

Emergency Management and the New Terrorist Threat

Introducing the Terror Threat

US attacked on 9/11/01 - spectacular in its methods, and devastating in terms of loss of life and destruction of property
Every citizen felt its impacts
Event marked a turning point
Policies and laws launched at an almost alarming rate to address a seemingly new hazard
Has had a resounding impact on emergency management, foreign policy, immigration policies and enforcement practices, counter-narcotics programs and policies, and more

Introduction Continued

Billions in funding to counter terrorism came after 9/11
Federal grant programs created to help State, tribal, territorial, and local governments
Rush to understand
How terrorism impacted them as a community
How vulnerable they were
What needed to be done
Communities re-examined themselves

Introduction Continued

Nation faced terrorism since its founding
100s of attacks—bombs, shootings, chemical and biological attacks, physical assaults, more
Terrorism hazard broad in scope
Perpetrated by people/organizations with a broad range of types, sizes, and backgrounds
May or may not have a tangible ideological or philosophical reason for carrying out their attacks
May be “homegrown” or internationally-based.
Groups or individuals

Introduction Continued

Terrorists have a wide range of weapons and tactics to choose from
Traditional methods: shootings, bombings, and assault-type attacks
Weapons of mass destruction (chemical, biological, or radiological weapons)
Cyberterrorism
For the EM, terrorism is just one of many hazards that merit attention, and likewise resources

Introduction Continued

Many actions can be taken to protect the community from terrorist attacks
Specific risk in each community
Emergency manager must look at:
What actions to take to address the consequences of terrorism
How to mitigate terrorism or prevent an attack from happening
Who is responsible
What is needed to recover

Differences Between Terrorism and Other Hazards

Intent—perpetrators try to ensure they are as devastating as possible
Criminality—adds a new dimension in that additional stakeholders involved
Laws guiding terrorism prevention and response
Others

Changes in EM and
the War on Terror

EM policy and strategy mirrors the policy agenda
Efforts sometimes disproportionate to risk (e.g, risk of terrorism vs. risk of hurricane)
EM focus in the war on terrorism can have many crossover benefits into natural and technological hazards management
Interoperable communications, credentialing, standardization of incident management protocols, and others created in 9/11 aftermath all have extensive dual-use applications

Change Continued

War on terrorism = fundamental change in nationwide EM capacity
Unprecedented funding resources
Federal government recognized vital role of state and local first responders
Creation of the DHS
Consolidation of federal agencies
PKEMRA corrected the changes

1st Responder Evaluation Cont’d

Arlington Report
Declared the response a success
Showed that responders’ plans and skills worked
Compiled notable facts about the response
Contains 235 recommendations and lessons learned
2 categories of lessons learned:
things that worked well and contributed to the overall success of the response
challenges encountered and overcome by responders that could serve as examples for other jurisdictions in the future

Terrorism Threat

Terrorism is a global problem
From 1969 to 2009, over 38,000 attacks worldwide
8% (3000) targeted Americans or American interests
Almost 5,600 dead, 16,000 injured, billions in damage
Hazard has existed for centuries
Many definitions—must take a broad view
“One man’s terrorist is another’s freedom fighter”
Earliest recorded examples of organized terrorism launched by the Sicarii in the 1st century BC
Boston Tea Party could be considered terrorism

Domestic Terrorists

Groups labeled as domestic terrorist organizations have included:

The Ku Klux Klan (KKK)
Anarchists
Unions
The Black Panthers
Weather Underground
The Army of God
Earth Liberation Front
Others

Lone-Wolf Terrorists

George Matesky
Radical leftists Sam Melville and Jane Alpert
Muharem Kurbegovich
Ted Kaczynski
Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols

Categories of Terrorism

Nationalist Terrorism
Religious Terrorism
State sponsored terrorism
Left-Wing Terrorism
Right-Wing Terrorism
Anarchist Terrorism
Single Interest Terrorism

Watershed Terrorism Events

1993 World Trade Center Bombing
Ramzi Yusef
Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building
Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols
The Khobar Towers Bombing
Kenya and Tanzania Embassy Bombings
USS Cole Bombing
The September 11th Attacks in New York, Virginia, and Pennsylvania

9/11 Attacks

Required years of planning, many conspirators, and significant funding
Teams boarded 4 commercial flights, overtook the flight crew, and crashed them into the World Trade Center Towers 1 and 2, the Pentagon, and into a field in Pennsylvania (thwarted attack)
2,974 deaths (343 firefighters, 75 police officers)
2,337 people were injured
Catastrophic financial impacts

9/11 Attacks Continued

1993 WTC bombing credited with reducing the number of casualties
Response unprecedented
55,494 individual victim cases
240,417 mental health contacts
133,035 health services contacts
60 shelters opened, with a population reaching over 3,500
101 mass care points of distribution opened
Over 14 million meals served
Almost 60,000 disaster workers

Statutory Frameworks

Statutory authority / legal frameworks guiding terrorism management a junction between EM and law enforcement evolution of emergency management statutory authority
Prior to OK City, little crossover
FEMA moved to DHS – mission shifted
Today, EMs plan and train for terrorism response and recovery and mitigate risk as well
DHS is the primary Federal agency responsible

Early Legislation and Actions

1878 passage of the Posse Comitatus Act
Office of Defense Mobilization
White House Office of Emergency Preparedness
1974 Disaster Relief Act
1979 Reorganization Plan Number 3 – FEMA
1988 Robert T. Stafford Act
Federal Response Plan (FRP)
Public Law 103-160§1704
Executive Order 12919

PDD 39

First notable counterterrorism action impacting emergency management
Stated the USG would use all appropriate means to deter, defeat, and respond to all terrorist attacks that occurred on US soil, or to US interests
Gave DOJ authority to manage the crisis, while FEMA was given consequence management responsibilities
FEMA chaired a Senior Interagency Group for Training and Preparedness for terrorism events

FRERP

May 996
Addressed radiological sabotage and terrorism
Treated the response to events involving radioactive materials as the same whether intentional or accidental

Nunn-Lugar-Domenici

Prompted by OK City bombing and Tokyo Sarin gas attack
Weapons of Mass Destruction focus
Provided funding to prepare and equip first responders
Little change in terms of how attacks were prevented and how terrorist organizations were disrupted occurred

Terrorism Annex to the FRP

Directly connected to the 1996 bombing at the Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia
Prior to 1997, nothing dictated terrorism incident roles and responsibilities
Criminal investigations element of attacks had previously caused several problems in terms of jurisdiction of the attack scene, and who had incident command authority
Annex gave explicit lines of authority

The Three Commissions

U.S. Commission on National Security/21st Century (USCNS/21) – the Hart-Rudman Commission
Goal was to design a national security strategy.
“Road Map for National Security: Imperative for Change”
The Gilmore Commission
Produced reports that presented a growing base of knowledge concerning the WMD risk
The Bremer Commission
Addressed international terrorism
Evaluated laws, policies, and practices
“Countering the Changing Threat of International Terrorism”

AG’s 5-Year Interagency Plan

December 1998
DOJ project to develop the Attorney General’s Five-Year Interagency Counterterrorism and Technology Crime Plan.
FBI emerged as the principal counter-terror agency
Congress intended the plan to serve as a baseline for the coordination of a national strategy and operational capabilities to combat terrorism
This plan did remove barriers to interagency information sharing

Stafford Amended

February 2001—Preparedness Against Domestic Terrorism Act of 2001 passed
Amended Stafford to include acts of terrorism within its definition of “major disaster”
Formalized how the Federal disaster support in terrorism incidents would take place
Authorized FEMA Director to carry out federal emergency preparedness plans and programs
Established President’s Council on Domestic Preparedness

GAO Findings

Review conducted in late 2000 and early 2001
Tested whether the nation was prepared to manage the terror threat
Findings showed it was not
Report released in March of 2001—“Combating Terrorism: Comments on Counterterrorism Leadership and National Strategy”
Early September 2001, the GAO released a second report titled “Combating Terrorism: Selected Challenges and Related Recommendations”

E.O. 13228

After 9/11
Established the Office of Homeland Security within the White House
Also created the Homeland Security Council
Tasked with developing and coordinating an effective strategy to prevent or respond to terrorist threats and attacks

Patriot Act

Passed with little deliberation, signed 10/26/01
Granted exceptional powers to investigate suspected terrorism
The most important provisions of this law are that:
Promotes information sharing between LE and Intel
Makes it illegal to knowingly harbor terrorists
Increases wiretap powers
Greater power to detain non-U.S. citizens
Greatly increases US/Canada border protection
Increases financial reporting requirements
Increases or eliminates the statute of limitations on most terrorist attacks

HS Act of 2002

To shore up weaknesses and ensure response and recovery connected with prevention/preparedness
DHS established and given agency-level status
Massive organizational change—involved over 230,000 federal employees in over 20 agencies
Established the Homeland Security Council and the Office for State and Local Coordination and Preparedness
Did not bring together the intelligence agencies

9/11 Commission

Established November of 2002 to study 9/11 understand how and why they happened, and what needed to be done to prevent a future attack
July 2004—9/11 Commission report released
Findings included 37 recommendations in three subject areas:
Attacking terrorists and their organizations
Preventing the continued growth of Islamist terrorism
Protecting and preparing for terrorist attacks.
Congress responded by passing the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004

The Post-Katrina Emergency Management Reform Act

Signed into law by President Bush 10/4/2006
To correct the emergency management shortfalls highlighted in the response to Hurricane Katrina
The Act:
Established new leadership positions
Created additional functions that were assumed by FEMA
Created and reallocated functions to other components within DHS
Amended the Homeland Security Act in ways that directly and indirectly affect the organization and functions of various entities within DHS

DHS

Office of the Secretary of Homeland Security
Includes:
The Privacy Office, the Office of Civil Rights and Civil Liberties, and the Citizenship and Immigration Ombudsman Office
The Office of the Inspector General
The Office of Legislative Affairs
Office of General Counsel
The Office of Public Affairs
The Office of Counternarcotics Enforcement
The Office of Intergovernmental Affairs

DHS Advisory Panels/Committees

The National Infrastructure Advisory Council
The Homeland Security Science and Technology Advisory Committee
The Critical Infrastructure Partnership Advisory Council
The Interagency Coordinating Council on Emergency Preparedness and Individuals with Disabilities
The Task Force on New Americans
And The DHS Labor-Management Forum

Pre-Existing Offices

US Coast Guard
US Secret Service
FEMA
Federal Law Enforcement Training Center
Transportation Security Administration

New Offices/Directorates

Directorate for National Protection and Programs
Directorate for Science and Technology
US Citizenship and Immigration Services
US Customs and Border Protection
Immigration and Customs Enforcement
Office of Health Affairs

Other Agencies Involved in HS

White House
Department of Agriculture
Department of Commerce
Environmental Protection Agency
Department of Justice
Department of State
Department of Defense
Department of Health and Human Services
Department of the Treasury

Other HS Involvement

State and Tribal Governments
Local Governments
The Private Sector