aviation assignment for MGMT

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Chapter 7

The Disciplines of Emergency Management: Recovery

Recovery

The immediate actions to save lives, protect property, and meet basic human needs.
Debate: when response ends and recovery begins
Recovery not so easily classified
Can continue for months or years
Rebuilding homes, replacing property, resuming employment, restoring businesses, and repairing and rebuilding infrastructure
Goal of reducing future vulnerability
Participants: government, businesses, political leadership, community activists, and individuals

Recovery Continued

Players must plan, finance, and implement a recovery strategy
Recovery begins immediately after a presidential declaration
Federal gov’t plays largest role in providing the technical and financial support for recovery
Decisions during recovery are predominantly driven by local government
Recovery from Hurricane Katrina—the nation’s costliest to date

NRF for Disaster Recovery Ops

National Response Framework replaced the NRP as the guide for inter-agency response
Presented the guiding principles that enabled all response partners to prepare for and provide a unified national response to disasters and emergencies
Established a comprehensive, national, all-hazards approach to domestic incident response
Defined the key principles, roles, and structures
ESF#14 was the predecessor to the NDRF

NDRF

In August 2009 FEMA initiated development of the National Disaster Recovery Framework (NDRF)
Development co-chaired with HUD
NDRF was created to better coordinate recovery functions among all stakeholders
NDRF Working Group solicited wide input
Desired outcome was:
Coordinating structure / defined roles and responsibilities
Clearly defined measures of success
Communications strategy

NDRF Continued

NDRF Defines:
Core recovery principles
Roles and responsibilities of recovery coordinators and other stakeholders
Coordination structure to facilitate communication and collaboration
Guidance for pre- and post-disaster recovery planning
The process by which communities capitalize on opportunities to rebuild stronger/safer

Federal Disaster Assistance

Three general categories

Individual Assistance
Aid to individuals, families, and business owners
Public Assistance
Aid to public and certain private nonprofit entities for emergency services and the repair or replacement of disaster-damaged public facilities
Hazard Mitigation Assistance
Funding available for measures designed to reduce future losses to public and private property

FEMA’S Individual Assistance Recovery Programs

Oriented to individuals, families, small businesses
Include:
temporary housing assistance
individual and family grants
disaster unemployment assistance
legal services
crisis counseling.
Since 1994, more than 4 million applications have been processed and over 4.5 million calls taken for more than 300 major disasters

Disaster Housing Program

Assures that people whose homes are damaged by disaster have a safe place to live until repairs can be completed
Provide for expenses not covered by insurance
Assistance includes:
Lodging expenses reimbursement
Emergency minimal repair assistance
Temporary rental assistance
Mortgage and rental assistance

Individuals and Households Program (IHP)

Provides funds for the necessary expenses and serious needs of disaster victims that cannot be met through insurance or other assistance
Includes:
Temporary Housing
Repair
Replacement
Permanent Housing Construction
Other Needs

IHP Continued

Housing Needs

Money to make home “safe and sanitary”
Will not return a home to its pre-disaster condition
Grants may be used to repair:
Structural parts of your home
Windows, doors, floors, walls, ceilings, cabinetry
Septic or sewage system
Well or other water system
Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning system
Utilities (electrical, plumbing, and gas systems)
Entrance and exit ways
Mobile home blocking, leveling, and anchoring

IHP Continued

Other than Housing Needs

Pays for damaged personal property or necessary expenses and serious needs
Grants may be used to pay for:
Disaster-related medical and dental costs
Disaster-related funeral and burial cost
Clothing, household items, tools required for a job, necessary educational materials
Fuels for primary heat source
Clean-up items
Disaster damaged vehicle
Disaster-related moving and storage expenses
Other necessary expenses or serious needs

IHP Continued

IHP Funding:

Eligible expenses only, as identified by FEMA
Limited to 18 months from disaster declaration
Does not have to be repaid
Is tax-free
Is not counted as income or a resource in determining eligibility for welfare, income assistance, or income-tested benefit programs funded by the federal government
Exempt from garnishment, seizure, levy, execution encumbrance, pledge, attachment, release, or waiver
May not be reassigned or transferred

SBA Assistance

Most disaster aid provided in the form of loans
IHP applicants may first need to seek SBA loans
SBA provides three types of disaster loans
Home disaster loans: provide funds to homeowners and renters to repair or replace disaster-related damages to home or personal property
Business physical disaster loans: provide funds to business owners to repair or replace disaster-damaged property, including inventory, and supplies
Economic injury loans: provide capital to small businesses and to small agricultural cooperatives to assist them through the disaster recovery period

Disaster Unemployment Assistance

Provides unemployment benefits and reemployment services to individuals who have become unemployed because of major disasters, and who are not eligible for disaster benefits under regular unemployment insurance programs.

Legal Services

Young Lawyers’ Division of the ABA
Provides free legal assistance to low-income disaster victims
Assistance provided
Insurance claims
Counseling on landlord/tenant problems
Assistance in consumer protection matters, remedies, and procedures
Replacement of wills and other important legal documents destroyed in a major disaster

Special Tax Considerations

Tax-paying victims may deduct losses on federal returns for the year in which the casualty occurred or through amendment to previous year’s return
Businesses may file claims with the ATF for payment of federal excise taxes paid on lost alcoholic beverages or tobacco products

Crisis Counseling

Designed to provide short term crisis counseling services to people affected by disasters
Purpose is to help relieve any grieving, stress, or mental health problems caused or aggravated by the disaster or its aftermath
Services are provided by FEMA as supplemental funds granted to state and local mental health agencies
ARC, the Salvation Army, and other voluntary agencies as well as churches and synagogues also offer crisis counseling services.

Cora Brown Fund

Cora C. Brown of Kansas City, Missouri, died in 1977 and left a portion of her estate to the United States to be used as a special fund solely for the relief of human suffering caused by natural disasters
Funds are used to assist victims/survivors of declared major disasters for disaster-related needs that have not or will not be met by government agencies or other organizations

FEMA’S Public Assistance Grant Programs

Provides federal assistance to state and local governments and to certain PNP organizations
Grants to assist disaster recovery and implement mitigation measures
Federal share: not less than 75 percent
Eligible work:
Emergency work
Permanent work

Other Federal Agency Disaster Recovery Funding

Most triggered by a disaster declaration
Secretary of Agriculture and the SBA Administrator have authority to declare a disaster
All agencies are part of the structure of the NRP
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Department of Housing and Urban Development
Small Business Administration
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Department of Health and Human Services
Department of Transportation
Department of Commerce
Department of Labor

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

USACE responds to more than 30 presidential disaster declarations, plus numerous state and local emergencies, in a typical year
Under NRP, the Army has the lead responsibility for public works and engineering missions
After the September 11, 2001 events, the Army provided technical assistance for the debris removal operation. By December 2001, more than 661,430 tons of debris had been moved to the Staten Island landfill.

Department of Housing and Urban Development

HUD grants help cities, counties, and states to recover from disasters, especially low-income areas, subject to availability of supplemental appropriations
Community Development Block Grant (CDBG)
Supplements recovery assistance from FEMA; helps communities that otherwise might not recover because of limited resources.
HOME Program
Helps expand the supply of decent, affordable housing for low- and very low-income families

Small Business Administration

Offers low-interest loans to assist in long-term recovery efforts
Helps homeowners, renters, businesses of all sizes, and nonprofit organizations
Reduces federal disaster costs compared to other forms of assistance
More than 90% of SBA loans made to borrowers without credit available elsewhere
Two types of disaster loans:
Physical disaster loans
Economic injury disaster loans

U.S. Department of Agriculture

USDA Farm Service Agency (FSA) provides low-interest loan assistance to eligible farmers and ranchers to help cover production and physical losses in declared counties
Loans can be used to restore or replace essential physical property, pay all or part of production costs associated with the disaster year, pay essential family living expenses, reorganize the farming operation, and refinance debts.

Department of Health and Human Services

DHHS is the NRP lead-federal agency responsible for health and medical issues
The Center for Mental Health Services (CMHS) works with FEMA to implement the Crisis Counseling Assistance and Training Program
Administration on Aging provides disaster assistance for older Americans

Department of Transportation

Highway Trust Fund
DOT Federal Highway Administration Emergency Relief Program: supplements the commitment of resources by states, their political subdivisions, or other federal agencies to help pay for damages resulting from disasters
The applicability of the program to a natural disaster is based on the extent and intensity of the disaster

Department of Commerce

Economic Development Administration: administers programs and provides grants for infrastructure development, business incentives, and other forms of assistance designed to help communities alleviate conditions of substantial and persistent unemployment in economically distressed areas and regions
The EDA provides postdisaster economic assistance for communities affected by declared natural disasters

Department of Labor

Disaster Unemployment Assistance Program: provides financial assistance for lost employment
Funding comes from FEMA
Workforce Investment Act of 1998: National Emergency Grants
Funds can be used to finance the creation of temporary jobs for workers dislocated by disasters to clean up and recover from the disaster, and to provide employment assistance to dislocated workers

National Voluntary Relief Organizations

Voluntary organizations and NGOs help individuals in the immediate disaster aftermath by providing food, shelter, medicine, and clothing
These groups also provide long-term assistance in many areas: housing, child care, etc.
Following Katrina, voluntary agencies and NGO’s addressed the unmet needs of individuals
NVOAD coordinates planning efforts
55 national voluntary organization members
55 state and territorial chapters
Dozens of local organizations

The American Red Cross

Authority to provide disaster relief since 1905
Focuses on meeting people’s immediate emergency disaster-caused needs and provides disaster assistance to individuals to enable them to resume their normal daily activities independently.
Provides shelter, food, and health and mental health services to address basic human needs
Feeds emergency workers, handles inquiries from family members, provides blood, and helps victims access other available resources
Support agency for ESF #6

Recovery Planning Tools

Communities affected by repeat disasters often look to reduce vulnerability
Mechanisms to accomplish this include:
Land-use planning techniques
Zoning
Building codes
Financial measures
Information and oversight