Medical Terminology

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Chapter 4
Prefixes

Learning Objectives

Define basic prefixes used in the medical language.
Analyze medical terms that combine prefixes and other word elements.
Learn about the Rh condition as an example of an antigen-antibody reaction.

Chapter 4
Lesson 4.1

a-, an no, not, without

ab- away from

ad- toward

ana- up, apart

ante- before, forward

Prefix Meaning

PREFIXES AND
TERMINOLOGY

Refer to page 109-110 for terms using these prefixes.

anti- against

auto- self, own

bi- two

brady- slow

cata- down

con- with, together

Prefix Meaning

PREFIXES AND
TERMINOLOGY

Refer to page 110 for terms using these prefixes.

contra- against, opposite

de- down, lack of

dia- through, complete

dys- bad, painful, difficult

ec-, ecto out, outside

en-, endo- in, within

Prefix Meaning

PREFIXES AND
TERMINOLOGY

Refer to page 111 for terms using these prefixes.

epi- upon, on, above

eu- good, normal

ex- out, away from

hemi- half

hyper- excessive, above

hypo- deficient, under

Prefix Meaning

PREFIXES AND
TERMINOLOGY

Refer to page 111-112 for terms using these prefixes.

in- not

in- into, within

infra- beneath

inter- between

intra- into, within

macro- large

Prefix Meaning

PREFIXES AND
TERMINOLOGY

Refer to page 112 for terms using these prefixes.

mal- bad

meta- beyond, change

micro- small

neo- new

pan- all

para- abnormal, beside, near

Prefix Meaning

PREFIXES AND
TERMINOLOGY

Refer to page 110 for terms using these prefixes.

per- through

peri- surrounding

poly- many, much

post- after, behind

pre- before, in front of

pro- before, forwrad

Prefix Meaning

PREFIXES AND
TERMINOLOGY

Refer to page 113 for terms using these prefixes.

pseudo- false

re- back, again

retro- behind, backwards

sub- under

supra- above, upper

syn-, sym- together, with

Prefix Meaning

PREFIXES AND
TERMINOLOGY

Refer to page 113-114 for terms using these prefixes.

tachy- fast

trans- across, through

ultra- beyond, excel

uni- one

Prefix Meaning

PREFIXES AND
TERMINOLOGY

Refer to page 113-114 for terms using these prefixes.

QUICK QUIZ:

1. Which term means a muscle that draws a limb TOWARD the body? (Watch spelling!)

A. Adducter

B. Abductor

C. Adductor

D. Abducter

Correct Answer is C, Adductor (answer A is misspelled. B means a muscle that draws a limb away from the body. D is misspelled.

2. Which term means painful breathing?

A. dyspnea

B. dysplasia

C. apnea

D. cephalgia

QUICK QUIZ:

Correct Answer is A, dyspnea dys- means painful -pnea means breathing. Remember, medical terms do not need to have a root or combining form (as dyspnea, for example, has a prefix and a suffix.)

Adrenal glands: endocrine glands located above each kidney

Antibiotic: destroys or inhibits the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria

What is the function of adrenal glands?
What is adrenaline? What is another name for the term?
What was the first antibiotic? (penicillin)
What are some examples of autoimmune diseases? (rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, Graves disease)

Antibody/ Antigen

Antigen: A substance, usually foreign to the body, that stimulates the production of antibodies.

Antibodies: Protein substances made by white blood cells (specifically lymphocytes) in response to the presence of foreign antigens.

Antigen examples: poison, flu virus, bacterium
Immune reaction: reaction between an antigen and antibody
What is a common name for an immune reaction against normally non-threatening antigens?

Rh Condition (cont’d.)

Rh Condition: An antigen-antibody condition that develops when there is a difference in Rh blood factor between that of the pregnant mother (Rh negative) and that of the fetus (Rh positive).

Discuss how Rh condition occurs.
First pregnancy with Rh+ baby: baby is not affected but Rh- mother is sensitized
Second pregnancy with Rh+ baby baby develops hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)
Symptom of HDN: Jaundice
How can the condition be prevented? (Prevent Rh condition with Rh immune globulin injection to Rh- woman within 72 hours of delivery, miscarriage, or abortion of an Rh+ fetus.)

Rh Condition (cont.)

QUICK QUIZ:

3. Antibodies are made by what type of cell?

A. platelets

B. leukocytes

C. thrombocytes

D. erythrocytes

Correct Answer is B, leukocytes or white blood cells. See page 116 in 8th edition for more information.

Autoimmune disease: The body makes antibodies against its own healthy cells and tissues, causing inflammation and injury.

Congenital anomaly: An irregularity in a structure or organ that an infant is born with

What is the function of adrenal glands?
What is adrenaline? What is another name for the term?
What was the first antibiotic? (penicillin)
What are some examples of autoimmune diseases? (rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, Graves disease)

Contralateral: The opposite side of the body.

Dialysis: Removing harmful waste products from the body with an artificial kidney machine (dialysis machine).

What are some examples of congenital anomalies?
What are some causes of nonhereditary congenital anomalies?
Give some examples that demonstrate contralateral.
What term means the same side? (ipsilateral)

Ectopic pregnancy: An abnormal pregnancy when the embryo implants outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tubes, but sometimes on an ovary or in the abdominal cavity.

See page 118 for more details

QUICK QUIZ:

4. Ectopic pregnancy most commonly occurs in the ____________?

A. Peritoneal cavity

B. Right ovary

C. Left ovary

D. Fallopian Tube

Correct Answer is D, fallopian tube. See page 118 for more detail.

Parathyroid glands: Four endocrine glands located on the dorsal side of the thyroid gland that function separately from the thyroid gland.

Prolapse: To fall or slide forward, often used to describe an organ, such as a prolapsed uterus.

What is the function of parathyroid hormone?

Recombinant DNA: Taking a gene from one organism and inserting it into the DNA of another organism.

Syndrome: A group of signs or symptoms that commonly occur together and indicate a particular disease or abnormal condition.

Symbiosis: Two organisms living together in close association, either for mutual benefit or not.

Describe the recombinant DNA technique used to manufacture insulin outside the body.
What is polymerase chain reaction (PCR)?
List a syndrome example (other than Reye syndrome and fetal alcohol syndrome), and ask students to list the symptoms.
What is parasitism?

Symphysis: A joint in which the bony surfaces are united by a layer of fibrocartilage.

Transurethral: When an instrument passes through the urethra.

What are some examples of symphysis?

ULTRASONOGRAPHY

Ultrasonography: A diagnostic technique using ultrasound waves to produce an image or photograph of an organ or tissue.

Notice the facial features in the ultrasound image.
What is an echocardiogram?

Pronunciation

ā as in āpe
ē as in ēven
ī as in īce
ō as in ōpen
ū as in ūnit

ă as in ăpple
ĕ as in ĕvery
ĭ as in ĭnterest
ŏ as in pŏt
ŭ as in ŭnder

Pronunciation (cont’d.)

Examples
antigen
contralateral
malaise
prolapse

ĂN-tĭ-jĕn
cŏn-tră-LĂT-ĕr-ăl
măl- ĀZ
PRŌ-lăps

Have students pronounce each term.
Which syllable is accented (stressed) in each of these terms?

Refer to page 109-110 for terms using these prefixes.

Refer to page 110 for terms using these prefixes.

Refer to page 111 for terms using these prefixes.

Refer to page 111-112 for terms using these prefixes.

Refer to page 112 for terms using these prefixes.

Refer to page 110 for terms using these prefixes.

Refer to page 113 for terms using these prefixes.

Refer to page 113-114 for terms using these prefixes.

Correct Answer is C, Adductor (answer A is misspelled. B means a muscle that draws a limb away from the body. D is misspelled.

Correct Answer is A, dyspnea dys- means painful -pnea means breathing. Remember, medical terms do not need to have a root or combining form (as dyspnea, for example, has a prefix and a suffix.)

What is the function of adrenal glands?
What is adrenaline? What is another name for the term?
What was the first antibiotic? (penicillin)
What are some examples of autoimmune diseases? (rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, Graves disease)

Antigen examples: poison, flu virus, bacterium
Immune reaction: reaction between an antigen and antibody
What is a common name for an immune reaction against normally non-threatening antigens?

Discuss how Rh condition occurs.
First pregnancy with Rh+ baby: baby is not affected but Rh- mother is sensitized
Second pregnancy with Rh+ baby baby develops hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)
Symptom of HDN: Jaundice
How can the condition be prevented? (Prevent Rh condition with Rh immune globulin injection to Rh- woman within 72 hours of delivery, miscarriage, or abortion of an Rh+ fetus.)

Correct Answer is B, leukocytes or white blood cells. See page 116 in 8th edition for more information.

What is the function of adrenal glands?
What is adrenaline? What is another name for the term?
What was the first antibiotic? (penicillin)
What are some examples of autoimmune diseases? (rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, Graves disease)

What are some examples of congenital anomalies?
What are some causes of nonhereditary congenital anomalies?
Give some examples that demonstrate contralateral.
What term means the same side? (ipsilateral)

See page 118 for more details

Correct Answer is D, fallopian tube. See page 118 for more detail.

What is the function of parathyroid hormone?

Describe the recombinant DNA technique used to manufacture insulin outside the body.
What is polymerase chain reaction (PCR)?
List a syndrome example (other than Reye syndrome and fetal alcohol syndrome), and ask students to list the symptoms.
What is parasitism?

What are some examples of symphysis?

Notice the facial features in the ultrasound image.
What is an echocardiogram?

Have students pronounce each term.
Which syllable is accented (stressed) in each of these terms?