Medical Terminology

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Chapter 1
Basic Word Structure

Chapter Learning Objectives

Identify basic objectives to guide your study of the medical language
Divide medical words into their component parts.
Learn the meanings of basic combining forms, prefixes, and suffixes of the medical language.
Use these combining forms, prefixes, and suffixes to build medical words.

Analyze words by dividing them into component parts.

Relate the medical terms to the structure and function of the human body.

Be aware of spelling and pronunciation problems.

Chapter 1
Lesson 1.1

OBJECTIVES IN STUDYING
THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE

Analyze words by dividing them into component parts.

Relate the medical terms to the structure and function of the human body

Be aware of spelling and pronunciation problems.

Word Analysis

HEMAT/O/LOGY

Word Analysis

HEMAT/O/LOGY

  

root  suffix

combining vowel

hemat means blood

-logy means process of study

Word Analysis

Important elements:

Root: foundation of the term
Suffix: word ending
Prefix: word beginning
Combining vowel: vowel (usually o) that links the root to the suffix or the root to another root and aids pronunciation
Combining form: combination of the root and the combining vowel

Combining vowel has no meaning of its own.

Which element appears at the beginning of a medical term?

A. Suffix

B. Prefix

C. Combining Vowel

D. Combining Form

QUICK QUIZ:

Correct answer is B; the prefix is the element that appears at the beginning of a medical term.

Word Analysis

ELECTR/O/CARDI/O/GRAM

Word Analysis

ELECTR/O/CARDI/O/GRAM

    

root  root  suffix

combining vowels

electr means electricity

cardi means heart

-gram means record

Word Analysis

GASTR/ITIS

Word Analysis

GASTR/ITIS

 

root suffix

gastr means stomach

-itis means inflammation

Note: Drop combining vowel when suffix stars with a vowel (as in “-itis”)

Word Analysis

GASTR/O/ENTER/O/LOGY

Word Analysis

GASTR/O/ENTER/O/LOGY

    

root  root  suffix

combining vowels

gastr means stomach

enter means intestines

-logy means process of study

All medical terms have:

A. A Combining Vowel

B. Two roots

C. A suffix

D. A prefix

QUICK QUIZ:

Correct answer is C, all medical terms have a suffix. See page 5 of text.

Word Analysis (cont’d.)

THREE General Rules:

Read the meaning of medical terms from the suffix back to the beginning of the term and across

Drop the combining vowel (usually o) before a suffix beginning with a vowel: gastritis not “gastroitis”

Keep the combining vowel between two roots: gastroenterology not gastrenterology

When a term contains two or more roots related to parts of the body, what often determines which root is listed first? (anatomical position)

Word Analysis

SUB/GASTR/IC

Word Analysis

SUB/GASTR/IC

  

prefix root suffix

sub- means under

gastr means stomach

-ic means pertaining to

Word Analysis

EPI/GASTR/IC

Word Analysis

EPI/GASTR/IC

  

prefix root suffix

epi- means above

gastr means stomach

-ic means pertaining to

COMBINING FORMS

aden/o _________

arthr/o _________

bi/o _________

carcin/o _________

cardi/o _________

Combining Form Meaning

. Refer to pp. 8-9 for definitions and medical terms made with these combining forms.

aden/o gland

arthr/o joint

bi/o life

carcin/o cancerous, cancer

cardi/o heart

Combining Form Meaning

COMBINING FORMS

. Refer to pp. 8 for definitions and medical terms made with these combining forms.

3. Which term means inflammation

of the gland?

arthritis

adentitis

adenoma

cephalic

QUICK QUIZ:

cephal/o _________

cerebr/o _________

cis/o _________

crin/o _________

cyst/o _________

Combining Form Meaning

COMBINING FORMS

. Refer to pp. 8-9 for definitions and medical terms made with these combining forms.

cephal/o head

cerebr/o cerebrum

cis/o to cut

crin/o to secrete

cyst/o urinary bladder

Combining Form Meaning

COMBINING FORMS

. Refer to pp. 8-9 for definitions and medical terms made with these combining forms.

cyt/o _________

derm/o or dermat/o _________

electr/o _________

encephal/o _________

enter/o _________

Combining Form Meaning

COMBINING FORMS

. Refer to pp. 9 for definitions and medical terms made with these combining forms.

cyt/o cell

derm/o or dermat/o skin

electr/o electricity

encephal/o brain

enter/o intestines

Combining Form Meaning

COMBINING FORMS

Refer to pp. 9 for definitions and medical terms using these word parts

Term that means study of cells:

cystoscopy

cystitis

cytology

hematology

QUICK QUIZ:

Correct answer is C, cytology.

erythr/o _________

gastr/o _________

gn/o _________

gynec/o _________

hemat/o or hem/o _________

Combining Form Meaning

COMBINING FORMS

. Refer to pp. 9-10 for definitions and medical terms made with these combining forms.

erythr/o red

gastr/o stomach

gn/o knowledge

gynec/o woman, female

hemat/o or hem/o blood

Combining Form Meaning

COMBINING FORMS

Refer to pp. 9-10 for definitions and medical terms made with these word parts.

hepat/o _________

iatr/o _________

leuk/o _________

nephr/o _________

neur/o _________

Combining Form Meaning

COMBINING FORMS

Refer to pp. 10-11 for definitions and medical terms made with these combining forms.

hepat/o liver

iatr/o treatment, physician

leuk/o white

nephr/o kidney

neur/o nerve

Combining Form Meaning

COMBINING FORMS

Refer to pp. 10 for definitions and for medical terms from these combining forms.

onc/o _________

ophthalm/o _________

oste/o _________

path/o _________

ped/o _________

Combining Form Meaning

COMBINING FORMS

Refer to pp. 10-11 for definitions and medical terms made with these combining forms.

onc/o tumor

ophthalm/o eye

oste/o bone

path/o disease

ped/o child

Combining Form Meaning

COMBINING FORMS

Refer to pp. 10-11 for definitions and medical terms made with these combining forms.

psych/o _________

radi/o _________

ren/o _________

rhin/o _________

sarc/o _________

Combining Form Meaning

COMBINING FORMS

Refer to pp. 11 for definitions and medical terms made with these combining forms.

psych/o mind

radi/o x-rays

ren/o kidney

rhin/o nose

sarc/o flesh

Combining Form Meaning

COMBINING FORMS

Refer to pp. 11 for definitions and medical terms made with these combining forms.

sect/o _________

thromb/o _________

ur/o _________

Combining Form Meaning

COMBINING FORMS

Refer to pp. 11 for definitions and medical terms made with these combining forms..

Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

sect/o to cut

thromb/o clot, clotting

ur/o urinary tract, urine

Combining Form Meaning

COMBINING FORMS

Refer to pp. 11 for definitions and medical terms made with these combining forms.

-ac _________

-al _________

-algia _________

-cyte _________

-ectomy _________

Combining Form Meaning

SUFFIXES

Refer to pp. 12 for definitions and medical terms made with these suffixes.

SUFFIXES

-ac pertaining to

-al pertaining to

-algia pain

-cyte cell

-ectomy excision, removal

Combining Form Meaning

Refer to pp. 12 for definitions and for terms made with these suffixes.

Which suffix means to “cut out” or remove?

-ectomy

-scopy

-itis

-opsy

QUICK QUIZ:

Correct answer is A, -ectomy, meaning excision, or removal.

-emia _________

-genic _________

-globin _________

-gram _________

-ic, ical _________

Combining Form Meaning

SUFFIXES

Refer to pp. 12 for definitions and for terms made with these suffixes.

Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

-emia blood condition

-genic produced by or in

-globin protein

-gram record

-ic, ical pertaining to

Combining Form Meaning

SUFFIXES

Refer to pp. 12 for definitions and for terms made with these suffixes.

Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

-ion _________

-ist _________

-itis _________

-logy _________

-oma _________

Combining Form Meaning

SUFFIXES

Refer to pp. 12 for definitions and for terms made with these suffixes.

Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

-ion process

-ist specialist

-itis inflammation

-logy process of study

-oma tumor, mass, swelling

Combining Form Meaning

SUFFIXES

Refer to pp. 12 for definitions and for terms made with these suffixes.

Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

-opsy _________

-osis _________

-pathy _________

-scope _________

-scopy _________

Combining Form Meaning

SUFFIXES

Refer to pp. 13 for definitions and for terms made with these suffixes.

Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

-opsy process of viewing

-osis condition, usually abnormal

-pathy disease condition

-scope instrument to visually examine

-scopy process of visually examining

(with an endoscope)

Combining Form Meaning

SUFFIXES

Refer to pp. 13 for definitions and for terms made with these suffixes.

Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

-sis _________

-tomy _________

-y _________

Combining Form Meaning

SUFFIXES

Refer to pp. 13 for definitions and for terms made with these suffixes.

Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

-sis state of; condition

-tomy process of cutting

-y process, condition

Combining Form Meaning

SUFFIXES

Refer to pp. 13 for definitions and for terms made with these suffixes.

Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

PREFIXES

a-, an- _________

aut-, auto _________

dia- _________

end-, endo- _________

epi- _________

ex- _________

Combining Form Meaning

Refer to pp. 13-14 for definition and for terms made with these prefixes.

Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

a-, an- no, not, without

aut-, auto self, own

dia- through, complete

end-, endo- within

epi- above, upon

ex- out

Combining Form Meaning

PREFIXES

Refer to pp. 13-14 for definitions and for terms made with these prefixes.

Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

exo- _________

hyper- _________

hypo- _________

in- _________

peri- _________

pro- _________

Combining Form Meaning

PREFIXES

Refer to pp. 14 for definitions and for terms made with these prefixes.

Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

exo- outside of, outward

hyper- excessive, above, more

hypo- deficient, below, under, less

in- into, in

peri- surrounding, around

pro- before, forward

Combining Form Meaning

PREFIXES

Refer to pp. 14 for definitions and for terms made with these prefixes.

Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

re- _________

retro- _________

sub- _________

trans- _________

Combining Form Meaning

PREFIXES

Refer to pp. 15 for definitions and for terms made with these prefixes.

Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

re- back, backward, again

retro- behind

sub- below, under

trans- across, through

Combining Form Meaning

PREFIXES

Refer to pp. 15 for definitions and for terms made with these prefixes.

Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

Pronunciation of Terms

When ¯ is above a vowel, the sound is long. For example:

ā as in āpe

ō as in ōpen

When ˘ is above a vowel, the sound is short. For example:

ă as in ăpple

ŏ as in pŏt

Review long and short vowel sounds with the students.

Examples:

adenitis ăd-ĕ-Nī-tĭs

biology bī-OL-ō-jē

cephalic se-FĂL-ik

iatrogenic i-ăt-rō-JEN-ik

resection rē-SEK-shŭn

Pronunciation of Terms (cont’d.)