Sustainability Strategies for the Success of Small Businesses

Title of Dissertation: The Importance of Sustainability Strategies for the Success of Small Businesses

Learner: Tajudeen Ashafa Date: 02/23/2019

Chair Confirmation of Review Items Addressed

By providing an electronic signature (typed name), within the space below, the Chair is attesting that the submission meets all Walden University Proposal/Doctoral Study rubric requirements and the previously noted issues have been satisfactorily addressed and are ready for review.

I have verified that the Student’s original/revised submission meets all review criteria (and for revised editions) has adequately addressed the previous review’s feedback.

Chair: Irene Williams, Ph.D. Date: February 23, 2019

Please note that papers submitted without the Chair’s confirmation will be returned without further review.

Comment Number

Reviewers

Comment

The action was taken and why

Original

Revised

Page Number

DJH1

Please include the date of expected CAO approval

Agreed – Included the expected CAO approval

September 2018

May 2019

1

DJH2

Please omit the location from the title

Agreed – omitted the location from the title

Small Businesses’ Sustainability Strategies and Practices in Toledo, Ohio

The Importance of Sustainability Strategies for the Success of Small Businesses

1

DJH3

Please apply this method to your Government Citation (example): First citation (U.S. Small Business Administration [SBA], 2015). Subsequent citations: (SBA, 2015). Reference list entry: U.S. Small Business Administration. (2015). Small business market update, June 2015. Retrieved from https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/Small_business_bulletin_June_2015.pdf

Agreed – revised

According to records from the US Department of States, the American economy is dominated by small and medium sized enterprises which account for 52% of the entire American workforce (Moffat, 2017).

According to records from the U.S. Small Business Administration [SBA] (2016), the American economy is dominated by small and medium-sized enterprises which account for 47.8% of the entire American workforce in the private sector (SBA, 2017).

2

DJH4

The specific business problem and the general business problem have the same meaning. Suggest revision.

Follow the Rubric 1.3 e a.Ensures the specific business problem aligns with the research question and purpose statement. Follow the rubric 1.4 g Ensures the first sentence links/aligns directly with the specific business problem. Follow the rubric 1.8 b Ensures research question aligns with the specific Business Problem and Purpose Statement.

Agreed – revised the general and specific business problem

The general business problem is that many small and medium business startups adopt development strategies without considering their sustainability and suitability in the business enterprise. The specific business problem is that some entrepreneurs in small and medium enterprises in the manufacturing industry do not adopt sustainability strategies that can overcome business challenges to grow and thrive for a long time.

The general business problem is that the sustainability strategy adopted by a business is a crucial determinant to its success. The specific business problem is that some entrepreneurs in small and medium enterprises lack strategies that would ensure sustainability and overcoming of business challenges.

2

DJH5

Please remember to avoid the use of anthropomorphisms. See APA p. 69, Section 3.09.

Agreed – revised

The study of these strategies aims at enlightening small business owners and prospective small business starters on the importance of business sustainability strategies that would enable their business to survive business challenges.

The purpose of this qualitative phenomenological research design study is to explore strategies that some entrepreneurs in small and medium enterprises use to ensure sustainability and overcoming of business challenges.

2

DJH6

Please do not discuss research design in this subsection. Please include the elements required under this heading as listed in the DBA rubric.

Suggest following the video as listed in the Purpose statement. http://youtu.be/pLP4r0mfT9A. You may consider reviewing a previously approved DBA doc study as located in the Walden Library.

Agreed – revised and included the elements required

To complete the study, the research will assume a qualitative research method. Phenomenological research design will be employed in order to ensure that the results obtained from the study are free from bias and assumptions.

The purpose of this qualitative phenomenological research design study is to explore strategies that some entrepreneurs in small and medium enterprises use to ensure sustainability and overcoming of business challenges. The target population consists of ten small manufacturing business firms in Ohio. The study’s implication to social change include the potential to provide knowledge to entrepreneurs in small and medium business about sustainable practices that have a minimal negative impact to the environment. The entrepreneurs will be able to meet their financial and social needs while protecting the environment by using sustainable business practices.

2

DJH7

Please follow APA sections 3.11, p. 73 and 3.21, p. 81. Please write in active voice. http://waldenwritingcenter.blogspot.com/2014/06/how-zombies-can-help-you-avoid-passive.html

Agreed – revised and followed the rubric.

Qualitative research method will be used for this research study. Qualitative research method will be imperative in ensuring that enough and quality data is mined that would lead to accurate results and thereafter better conclusion (Fross, Winnicka-Jasłowska, Gumińska, Masły, & Sitek, 2015).

In a qualitative methodology, an in-depth understanding of a phenomenon is explored. A researcher gains insight into a problem that would help in developing ideas about a potential quantitative study. The use of qualitative methodology is justified by the need to get a broader understanding of the strategy's entrepreneurs in small and medium enterprises to use to overcome of business challenges and ensure sustainability (Fross, Winnicka-Jasłowska, Gumińska, Masły, & Sitek, 2015).

3

DJH8

Identifies the selection of one method (qualitative, quantitative, or mixed method) and why other methods would not work (cite a minimum of one source).

Agreed – revised according to the rubric

The main benefit of using qualitative research methodology is its flexibility which will allow the researcher to make appropriate changes during the data collection and analysis process which will improve the overall quality of data to be collected and analyzed.

The use of qualitative methodology is justified by the need to get a broader understanding of the strategy's entrepreneurs in small and medium enterprises to use to overcome of business challenges and ensure sustainability (Fross, Winnicka-Jasłowska, Gumińska, Masły, & Sitek, 2015). Additionally, a qualitative method is flexible and allows a researcher to make appropriate changes during the data collection and analysis process, improving the overall quality of the collected data (Lewis, Saunders & Thornhill, 2015).

3

DJH9

Identifies the selection of the design (within the method) and why it was selected over other designs (cite a minimum of one source).

Agreed – Revised according to the rubric

Phenomenological research design is suitable for this research because the data collected from the interviews will be used to reach better conclusions related to the subject of study (Lewis, Saunders, & Thornhill, 2015). For example, the participants will give accounts of their experiences about the subject of the study and this will influence the quality of the data collected. Secondly, phenomenological design is useful in collecting information on the perceptions and experiences of key stakeholders in small businesses on the use of sustainable business strategies which will help in determining successful sustainable business practices as well as the factors that influence their success in various companies (Holroyd, 2001).

Phenomenological research design focuses on understanding the broad understanding of a phenomenon (Lewis, Saunders, & Thornhill, 2015). Researchers employ phenomenological research design to describe lived experiences of the subjects (Lewis, Saunders & Thornhill, 2015).). In a case study design, one or more instances of a phenomenon are investigated by using reports of past studies and therefore lacks validity since the researcher does not have control over certain variables. Mini-ethnography involves the study of people with their cultures while focus group design involves several volunteers sharing their opinions and ideas in a group discussion (Lewis, Saunders & Thornhill, 2015). Therefore, phenomenological research design is the most suitable method for this study since the interviewees will be explaining their experiences through an interview.

3

DJH10

Qualitative researchers do not measure or review the relationship between variables.

1.8 b Not Met

b. Ensures research question aligns with the specific Business Problem and Purpose Statement.

Agreed – revised the research question.

What is the relationship between entrepreneur’s knowledge about business sustainability strategies and failure of small and medium sized business start-ups?

What strategies do entrepreneurs in small and medium enterprises adopt to ensure sustainability and overcome business challenges?

4

DJH11

Please use the Word numbering list

Suggest omission or revising to omit passive voice

Please revise after determining the specific business problem.

Agreed – Revised according to the suggestions

Interview Questions

The following will be the major questions that will guide the data collection process during the study.

(i) How does your company define and identify sustainable business development practices?

Interview Questions

1. How does your company define and identify sustainable business development practices?

4

DJH12

Please omit theoretical.

Agreed – omitted the theoretical

Theoretical/Conceptual Framework

Conceptual Framework

4

DJH13

suggest omission since there is a one-page limit

Agreed – revised the subsection completely.

One of the important elements of a doctoral study is the theoretical framework. According to Othman et al. (2015), a theoretical framework describes and introduces a theory that attempts to explain why the research problem exists. The theoretical framework chosen for this study seeks to explain why it is important for organizations to engage in sustainable business practices.

Barney is believed to have had a pivotal role in the developed of Resource-Based View (RBV) theory in his article “Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage” in 1991. Barney used the approach to explain how firm-specific perspectives can lead to business success or failure. According to the theory, the abilities that a firm dictates its ability to add value concerning customer values chain develop new products or venture into new markets. Barney identified firm's resources and capabilities as the critical determinants of a firm's success or failure because of the competitive advantage they offer. RBV theory states that the foundation of a firm's competitive edge is the utilization of its valuable intangible and tangible resources which are at its disposal (Neto, Oliveira, & Ruivo, 2015). As applied in this study, RBV theory holds that the utilization of various organizational resources determines the success or failure of a business. Small and medium enterprises could explore all the tangible and the substantial resources available to use them to sustain their operations.

5

DJH14

Please revise to indicate a conceptual framework

Agreed – revised the subsection completely.

One of the important elements of a doctoral study is the theoretical framework. According to Othman et al. (2015), a theoretical framework describes and introduces a theory that attempts to explain why the research problem exists. The theoretical framework chosen for this study seeks to explain why it is important for organizations to engage in sustainable business practices.

Barney is believed to have had a pivotal role in the developed of Resource-Based View (RBV) theory in his article “Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage” in 1991. Barney used the approach to explain how firm-specific perspectives can lead to business success or failure. According to the theory, the abilities that a firm dictates its ability to add value concerning customer values chain, develop new products or venture into new markets. Barney identified firm's resources and capabilities as the critical determinants of a firm's success or failure because of the competitive advantage they offer. RBV theory states that the foundation of a firm's competitive edge is the utilization of its valuable intangible and tangible resources which are at its disposal (Neto, Oliveira, & Ruivo, 2015). As applied in this study, RBV theory holds that the utilization of various organizational resources determines the success or failure of a business. Small and medium enterprises could explore all the tangible and the substantial resources available to use them to sustain their operations.

5

DJH15

Capitalization

Agreed – revised the subsection completely.

In this study, the theoretical framework will use resource-based view (RBV) theory.

Barney is believed to have had a pivotal role in the developed of Resource-Based View (RBV) theory in his article “Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage” in 1991.

5

DJH16

Please use specific word choices

Agreed – revised the subsection completely.

One of the important elements of a doctoral study is the theoretical framework. According to Othman et al. (2015), a theoretical framework describes and introduces a theory that attempts to explain why the research problem exists. The theoretical framework chosen for this study seeks to explain why it is important for organizations to engage in sustainable business practices.

Barney is believed to have had a pivotal role in the developed of Resource-Based View (RBV) theory in his article “Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage” in 1991. Barney used the approach to explain how firm-specific perspectives can lead to business success or failure. According to the theory, the abilities that a firm dictates its ability to add value concerning customer values chain develop new products or venture into new markets. Barney identified firm's resources and capabilities as the critical determinants of a firm's success or failure because of the competitive advantage they offer. RBV theory states that the foundation of a firm's competitive edge is the utilization of its valuable intangible and tangible resources which are at its disposal (Neto, Oliveira, & Ruivo, 2015). As applied in this study, RBV theory holds that the utilization of various organizational resources determines the success or failure of a business. Small and medium enterprises could explore all the tangible and the substantial resources available to use them to sustain their operations.

5

DJH17

Follow the handbook page 9, 1.10 Conceptual Framework. Please support all assertions with a citation.

Agreed – revised the subsection completely.

One of the important elements of a doctoral study is the theoretical framework. According to Othman et al. (2015), a theoretical framework describes and introduces a theory that attempts to explain why the research problem exists. The theoretical framework chosen for this study seeks to explain why it is important for organizations to engage in sustainable business practices.

Barney is believed to have had a pivotal role in the developed of Resource-Based View (RBV) theory in his article “Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage” in 1991. Barney used the approach to explain how firm-specific perspectives can lead to business success or failure. According to the theory, the abilities that a firm dictates its ability to add value concerning customer values chain, develop new products or venture into new markets. Barney identified firm's resources and capabilities as the critical determinants of a firm's success or failure because of the competitive advantage they offer. RBV theory states that the foundation of a firm's competitive edge is the utilization of its valuable intangible and tangible resources which are at its disposal (Neto, Oliveira, & Ruivo, 2015). As applied in this study, RBV theory holds that the utilization of various organizational resources determines the success or failure of a business. Small and medium enterprises could explore all the tangible and the substantial resources available to use them to sustain their operations.

5

DJH1

From my last review:

Please include the date of expected CAO approval

Agreed – Included the expected CAO approval

January 2019

May 2019

1

DJH2

Narrative and the parenthetical citation for the same sentence? Is this the same source? I am not sure I understand.

Agreed – Corrected

According to records from the U.S. Small Business Administration [SBA] (2016), the American economy is dominated by small and medium-sized enterprises which account for 47.8% of the entire American workforce in the private sector (SBA, 2017).

According to records from the U.S. Small Business Administration [SBA] (2017), the American economy is dominated by small and medium-sized enterprises which account for 47.8% of the entire American workforce in the private sector.

2

DJH3

Suggest omission of "and overcoming of business challenges" since this appears as a variable in what is deemed a qualitative study. Please align throughout

Agreed – revised

The specific business problem is that some entrepreneurs in small and medium enterprises lack strategies that would ensure sustainability and overcoming of business challenges.

The specific business problem is that some entrepreneurs in small and medium enterprises lack strategies that would ensure sustainability.

2

DJH4

successful?

Agreed – revised

The target population consists of ten owners of small manufacturing business firms in Ohio.

The target population consists of ten owners of successful small manufacturing business firms in Ohio.

2

DJH5

Please avoid anthropomorphisms

Agreed – revised

The study's implication to social change includes the potential to provide knowledge to entrepreneurs in small and medium business about sustainable practices that have a minimal negative impact on the environment.

The implications for positive social change include the potential of the business to survive in a competitive environment and sustain the livelihoods of the business owner and that of the employees, reducing stress and strain that may result from financial struggles. The business owners as well as their employees may be able to meet their financial and social needs, leaving a more healthy and productive life. The business owner may engage in corporate social responsibility through volunteering in activities that supports the local community.

2

DJH6

could potentially

Agreed – revised as suggested

The entrepreneurs will be able to meet their financial and social needs while protecting the environment by using sustainable business practices and engaging in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR ).

The entrepreneurs could potentially be able to meet their financial and social needs while protecting the environment by using sustainable business practices and engaging in corporate social responsibility (CSR).

2

DJH7

lower case

Agreed – revised

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR ).

Corporate social responsibility (CSR).

2

DJH8

how will this help the citizens in Ohio?

Agreed – revised

The entrepreneurs will be able to meet their financial and social needs while protecting the environment by using sustainable business practices and engaging in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR ).

The entrepreneurs could potentially be able to meet their financial and social needs while protecting the environment by using sustainable business practices and engaging in corporate social responsibility (CSR) which will benefit the surrounding community.

2

DJH9

Please begin with the three methods considered.

Agreed – Revised

In a qualitative methodology, an in-depth understanding of a phenomenon is explored.

Qualitative and quantitative methodologies are considered in this study. In the qualitative methodology, an in-depth understanding of a phenomenon is explored (Lewis, Saunders & Thornhill, 2015).

3

DJH10

Please support all assertions with a citation

Agreed – revised

In a qualitative methodology, an in-depth understanding of a phenomenon is explored.

Qualitative and quantitative methodologies are considered in this study. In the qualitative methodology, an in-depth understanding of a phenomenon is explored (Lewis, Saunders & Thornhill, 2015).

3

DJH11

Researchers gain….

Agreed – Revised according to the suggestion

A researcher gains insight into a problem that would help in developing ideas about a potential quantitative study.

Researchers gain insight into a problem that would help in developing ideas about a potential quantitative study.

3

DJH12

Researchers use

Please avoid this sentence structure and strive for subject-verb-object order. http://waldenwritingcenter.blogspot.com/2012/01/hunt-for-passive-voice.html

Agreed – Revised

The use of qualitative methodology is justified by the need to get a broader understanding of the strategy's entrepreneurs in small and medium enterprises to use to overcome of business challenges and ensure sustainability (Fross, Winnicka-Jasłowska, Gumińska, Masły, & Sitek, 2015).

Therefore, researchers use of qualitative methodology is justified by the need to get a broader understanding of the strategy's entrepreneurs in small and medium enterprises to use to overcome of business challenges and ensure sustainability (Fross, Winnicka-Jasłowska, Gumińska, Masły, & Sitek, 2015).

3

DJH13

avoid anthropomorphisms

Agreed – revised

Therefore, a qualitative method is the most appropriate for this study since the study does not involve testing hypothesis.

Therefore, a qualitative method is the most appropriate for this study since no hypothesis is tested in the study.

3

DJH14

Please begin with one sentence discussing the considered designs

Agreed – revised

Phenomenological research design focuses on understanding the broad understanding of a phenomenon (Lewis, Saunders, & Thornhill, 2015).

In this study, a phenomenological research design is used. Phenomenological research design focuses on understanding the broad understanding of a phenomenon (Lewis, Saunders, & Thornhill, 2015).

3

DJH15

Merriam Webster’s defines the word employ as "give work to (someone) and pay them for it." Please change your wording choice.

Agreed – revised

Researchers employ phenomenological research design to describe lived experiences of the subjects (Lewis, Saunders & Thornhill, 2015).).

Researchers use phenomenological research design to describe lived experiences of the subjects (Lewis, Saunders & Thornhill, 2015).).

3

DJH16

Please support all assertions with a citation.

Agreed – revised

In a case study design, one or more instances of a phenomenon are investigated by using reports of past studies and therefore lacks validity since the researcher does not have control over certain variables.

In a case study design, one or more instances of a phenomenon are investigated by using reports of past studies and therefore lacks validity since the researcher does not have control over certain variables (Lewis, Saunders & Thornhill, 2015)

3

DJH17

omit

Agreed – revised

What strategies do entrepreneurs in small and medium enterprises adopt to ensure sustainability and overcome business challenges?

What strategies do entrepreneurs in small and medium enterprises adopt to ensure sustainability?

4

DJH18

please consider a second sentence

Agreed – revised

1. How does your company define and identify sustainable business development practices?

1. How does your company determine sustainable business development practices?

2. How does your company identify sustainable business development practices?

4

DJH19

used

Agreed – revised

2. What are some of the sustainable business strategies you have employed?

3. What are some of the sustainable business strategies you have used?

4

DJH20

used

Agreed – revised

4. What implementation processes are employed by your business to ensure that sustainable business development practices are successful?

5. What implementation procedures are used by your company to provide that sustainable business development practices are successful?

4

DJH21

Questions must contribute knowledge to the research question. Make sure that each of the interview questions follows the specific verbiage of the overarching research question.

Agreed – revised

5. How successful have the implemented sustainable business development practices been in enhancing growth for your company?

6. How successful have the implemented business development practices been in improving sustainability?

4

DJH22

Questions must contribute knowledge to the research question.

How did you assess the effectiveness of your strategies for ----?

What were the key barriers to implementing the strategies for improving internal controls to increase profits?

How did you address the key barriers to implementing the strategies for --? “

Agreed – Omitted the question

7. How did you balance the various strategies you chose to work for your business firm?

Omitted the question

4

DJH23

Unnecessary. Suggest APA 6th edition chapter 6 and chapter 7

Agreed – revised

Barney is believed to have had a pivotal role in the developed of Resource-Based View (RBV) theory in his article Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage in 1991.

Barney is believed to have had a pivotal role in the developed of resource-based view (RBV) theory in 1991.

4

DJH24

anthropomorphism

Agreed – revised

According to the theory, the abilities that a firm dictates its ability to add value concerning customer values chain, develop new products or venture into new markets.

According to Barney (1991), the abilities of a firm dictates its ability to add value concerning customer values chain, develop new products or venture into new markets.

4

DJH25

possessive plural

Agreed – revised

Barney identified firm's resources and capabilities as the critical determinants of a firm's success or failure because of the competitive advantage they offer.

Barney identified resources and capabilities as the critical determinants of a firm's success or failure because of the competitive advantage they offer.

4

DJH26

Please avoid acronyms at the beginning of the sentence.

Agreed – revised

RBV theory states that the foundation of a firm's competitive edge is the utilization of its valuable intangible and tangible resources which are at its disposal (Neto, Oliveira, & Ruivo, 2015).

Resource-based view theory states that the foundation of a firm's competitive edge is the utilization of its valuable intangible and tangible resources which are at its disposal (Neto, Oliveira, & Ruivo, 2015).

5

DJH27

From my last review:

Please do not use a priori that you will drive the study or design. Example of successful wording: Based on my literature review, I expect the double-loop learning theory could provide the lens for me to understand the process from the participants and provide a potential means for analyzing the relevance of the study to understand the research question.

Agreed – revised

As applied in this study, RBV theory holds that the utilization of various organizational resources determines the success or failure of a business. Small and medium enterprises could explore all the tangible and the substantial resources available to use them to sustain their operations.

Based on the RBV theory, the utilization of various organizational resources determines the success or failure of a business. Small and medium enterprises could explore all the tangible and the substantial resources available to use them to sustain their operations.

5

DJH28

capitalization

Agreed – revised

The significance of the Study

Significance of the Study

5

DJH29

Please work with your chair to continue to develop this subsection.

Agreed – revised

Every entrepreneur starts a business hoping that it will be successful. The study provides an understanding of why many small and medium enterprises fail and therefore has significant value to the market.

Contribution to Business Practice

The study is significant to business practice since it may influence the small business owners to embrace business strategies that enhance the sustainability of their business. The issues addressed by the study may help entrepreneurs to improve their profitability.

Every entrepreneur starts a business hoping that it will be successful. Entrepreneurs seek to maximize profits while ensuring business sustainability. This study may be of value to the practice of business because it may provide an understanding of why many small and medium enterprises fail. Entrepreneurs might use the findings of the study to mitigate against costly business failures by strategizing on long-term business sustainability.

Contribution to Business Practice

The contributions of the study to business practice include the potential to provide insight to small and medium business owners on the strategies of improving long-term business sustainability. The entrepreneurs may be able to enhance the performance of their businesses by using the results of the study. The enhanced performance will lead to improved profitability and stability of the business within the industry.

5

DJH30

please avoid absolutes

suggest aligning with the social change sentence in the Purpose Statement

Agreed – revised

The entrepreneurs will be able to meet their financial and social needs while protecting the environment by using sustainable business practices and engaging in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR ).

The business owner may engage in corporate social responsibility through volunteering in activities that supports the local community.

6

DJH31

previously defined

Agreed – revised

The entrepreneurs will be able to meet their financial and social needs while protecting the environment by using sustainable business practices and engaging in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR ).

The business owner may engage in corporate social responsibility through volunteering in activities that supports the local community.

6

DJH32

please use APA 6th edition

Agreed – revised

Barney, J.B. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17,1, 99-121. doi:10.1177/014920639101700108.

Barney, J.B. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1), 99-121. doi:10.1177/014920639101700108.

7

DJH33

lower case

Agreed – revised

Holroyd, C. (2001). Phenomenological Research Method, Design and Procedure: A Phenomenological Investigation of the Phenomenon of Being-in-Community as Experienced by Two Individuals Who Have Participated in a Community Building Workshop op. Indo-Pacific Journal of Phenomenology, 1(1), 1-10. doi:10.1080/20797222.2001.11433859.

Holroyd, C. (2001). Phenomenological research method, design, and procedure: A phenomenological investigation of the phenomenon of being-in-community as experienced by two individuals who have participated in a community building workshop. Indo-Pacific Journal of Phenomenology, 1(1), 1-10. doi:10.1080/20797222.2001.11433859.

7

DJH1

No comment

Agreed – revised

According to records from the U.S. Small Business Administration [SBA] (2017), the American economy is dominated by small and medium-sized enterprises which account for 47.8% of the entire American workforce in the private sector.

The American economy is dominated by small and medium-sized enterprises which account for 47.8% of the entire American workforce in the private sector (U.S. Small Business Administration [SBA], 2017).

1

DJH2

No comment

Agreed – revised

The specific business problem is that some entrepreneurs in small and medium enterprises lack strategies that would ensure sustainability.

The specific business problem is that some entrepreneurs in small and medium enterprises lack strategies to ensure sustainability.

1

DJH3

No comment

Agreed – revised

The business owners as well as their employees may be able to meet their financial and social needs, leaving a more healthy and productive life.

The business owners and their employees may be able to meet their financial and social needs, leading a more healthy and productive life.

1

DJH4

Please discuss mixed method

Agreed – revised

Qualitative and quantitative methodologies are considered in this study.

Quantitative, qualitative and mixed method are considered in this study.

2

DJH5

support all assertions with a citation.

Suggest discussion about the methods in the order as listed in the first sentence under this heading.

Agreed – revised

Researchers gain insight into a problem that would help in developing ideas about a potential quantitative study.

Researchers gain insight into a problem that would help in developing ideas about a potential quantitative study (McCusker & Gunaydin, 2015).

2

DJH6

revise for flow

Agreed – revised

Therefore, researchers use of qualitative methodology is justified by the need to get a broader understanding of the strategy's entrepreneurs in small and medium enterprises to use to overcome of business challenges and ensure sustainability (Fross, Winnicka-Jasłowska, Gumińska, Masły, & Sitek, 2015).

Researchers use of qualitative methodology is justified by the need to get a broader understanding of the strategy's entrepreneurs in small and medium enterprises to use to overcome of business challenges and ensure sustainability (Fross, Winnicka-Jasłowska, Gumińska, Masły, & Sitek, 2015).

2

DJH7

correct spacing throughout

Agreed – revised

data (Lewis, Saunders & Thornhill, 2015). Conversely, quantitative research study entails empirical investigation of observable phenomena and testing a hypothesis rather than providing a broader understanding of the aspects (Lewis, Saunders & Thornhill, 2015).

(Lewis, Saunders & Thornhill, 2015). Conversely, quantitative researchers conduct an empirical investigation of observable phenomena and test a hypothesis rather than providing a broader understanding of the aspects (Lewis, Saunders & Thornhill, 2015)

2

DJH8

anthropomorphism

Quantitative researchers use empirical…

Agreed – revised

Conversely, quantitative research study entails empirical investigation of observable phenomena and testing a hypothesis rather than providing a broader understanding of the aspects (Lewis, Saunders & Thornhill, 2015).

Conversely, quantitative researchers conduct an empirical investigation of observable phenomena and test a hypothesis rather than providing a broader understanding of the aspects (Lewis, Saunders & Thornhill, 2015).

2

DJH9

discuss the considered designs in the first sentence as noted in my last review.

Agreed – revised

In this study, phenomenological research design is used.

In this study, phenomenological, case study, mini-ethnography and focus group research designs are considered.

2

DJH10

avoid antrhopomorphism

Agreed – revised

Phenomenological research design focuses on understanding the broad understanding of a phenomenon (Lewis, Saunders, & Thornhill, 2015).

Researchers use phenomenological research to get a broader understanding of a phenomenon (Lewis, Saunders, & Thornhill, 2015).

2

DJH11

No comment

Agreed – revised

Researchers utilize phenomenological research design to describe lived experiences of the subjects (Lewis, Saunders & Thornhill, 2015).

Researchers use the phenomenological research design to describe lived experiences of the subjects (Lewis, Saunders & Thornhill, 2015).

2

DJH12

No comment

Agreed – revised

Mini-ethnography involves the study of people with their cultures while focus group design involves several volunteers sharing their opinions and ideas in a group discussion (Lewis, Saunders & Thornhill, 2015).

Mini-ethnography researchers study people with their cultures while focus group researchers use several volunteers that share their opinions and ideas in a group discussion (Lewis, Saunders & Thornhill, 2015).

2

DJH13

passive voice

Agreed – revised

Therefore, phenomenological research design is the most suitable method for this study since the interviewees will be explaining their experiences through an interview.

Therefore, a phenomenological research design is the most suitable method for this study since the interviewees will explain their experiences through an interview.

3

DJH14

No comment

Agreed – revised

3. What are some of the sustainable business strategies you have used?

3. What are some of the sustainable business strategies you have adopted to ensure sustainability?

3

DJH15

Questions must contribute knowledge to the research question.

Make sure that each of the interview questions follows the specific verbiage of the overarching research question.

Agreed – revised

4. What method did you find worked best to overcome business challenges?

6. How did you assess the effectiveness of your strategies for sustainability?

3

DJH16

overlaps with Q5

Agreed – revised

6. How successful have the implemented business development practices been in enhancing sustainability?

Deleted

3

DJH17

How did you overcome the challenges that….

Agreed – revised

7. What were some of the challenges you encountered while implementing the sustainability strategies?

5.How did you overcome the challenges that you encountered while implementing the sustainability strategies?

3

DJH18

No comment

Agreed – revised

Barney is believed to have had a pivotal role in the developed of resource-based view (RBV) theory in 1991.

Barney is believed to have had a pivotal role in the resource-based view (RBV) theory that was developed in 1991.

3

DJH19

No comment

Agreed – revised

Resource-based view theory states that the foundation of a firm's competitive edge is the utilization of its valuable intangible and tangible resources which are at its disposal (Neto, Oliveira, & Ruivo, 2015).

In RBV theory, Barney stated the foundation of a firm's competitive edge is the utilization of its valuable intangible and tangible resources that are at its disposal (Neto, Oliveira, & Ruivo, 2015).

4

DJH20

1.10 last bullet point is not met

Identifies how/why the theory is applicable and applies to the study.

From my last review:

Example of successful wording:

Based on my literature review, I expect the double-loop learning theory could provide the lens for me to understand the process from the participants and provide a potential means for analyzing the relevance of the study to understand the research question.

Agreed – revised

RBV theory is appropriate for this study because availability of resources is essential for business sustainability.

4

DJH30

Please avoid absolutes. Support all assertions with a citation.

Agreed – revised

Every entrepreneur starts a business hoping that it will be successful.

Every entrepreneur starts a business hoping that it could be successful (Turner & Endres, 2017).

4

DJH31

Support all assertions with a citation.

Agreed – revised

Entrepreneurs seek to maximize profits while ensuring business sustainability.

Entrepreneurs seek to maximize profits while ensuring business sustainability (Turner & Endres, 2017).

4

AIE1

Removed Running Heading.

Agreed – revised

-

-

-

AIE2

Why phenomenological (vs. Descriptive Case Study)?

Agreed – revised

The purpose of this qualitative phenomenological research design study is to explore strategies that some entrepreneurs in small and medium enterprises use to ensure sustainability.

The purpose of this qualitative descriptive case study is to explore strategies that some entrepreneurs in small and medium enterprises use to ensure sustainability.

1

AIE3

Over what common period of time?

Agreed – revised

The target population consists of ten owners of successful small manufacturing business firms in Ohio.

The target population consists of ten owners of successful small manufacturing business firms that are more than five years old in Ohio.

1

AIE4

Subject “activities” Verb “supports” misalignment.

Agreed – revised

The business owner may engage in corporate social responsibility through volunteering in activities that supports the local community.

The business owner may engage in corporate social responsibility through volunteering in activities that support the local community.

1

AIE5

Not clear why a phenomenological case study (vs. descriptive case study) is needed to address the study’s stated purpose.

Agreed – revised

In this study, phenomenological , case study, mini-ethnography and focus group research designs are considered.

In this study, descriptive case study, phenomenological, miniethnography and focus group research designs are considered.

2

AIE6

No hyphen “miniethnography”.

Agreed – revised

mini-ethnography

miniethnography

2

AIE7

Isn’t this also true for phenomenological studies?

Agreed – revised

In a case study design, one or more instances of a phenomenon are investigated by using reports of past studies and therefore lacks validity since the researcher does not have control over certain variables (Lewis, Saunders & Thornhill, 2015).

In a descriptive case study design, one or more instances of a phenomenon are investigated by using situations, opinions, and background of people who have gone through the situation (Lewis, Saunders & Thornhill, 2015).

2

AIE8

Again phenomenological designs are used to understand the meanings of personl (vs business) experiences.

Agreed – revised

3

AIE9

Please note that if a case study is chosen, more than one type of data is required (e.g., documents, observations)

Agreed – revised

3

AIE10

Note the IQs also indicate the need for a qualitative descriptive caser study (vs. a phenomenological study.)😊

[Please also note that phenomenological designs require no more than 2-3 IQs where each IQ is expected to require 20-30 minutes to answer.]

Agreed – revised

3

AIE11

Now add an IQ:

What were the key barriers to implementing the strategies your organization used to ensure its sustainability?

Agreed – revised

5. What were the key barriers to implementing the strategies your organization used to ensure its sustainability?

3

AIE12

This is not the stated purpose of your study

Agreed – revised

This study may be of value to the practice of business because it may provide an understanding of why many small and medium enterprises fail.

This study may be of value to the practice of business because it may provide an understanding of the practices that businesses can embrace to ensure sustainability.

4

AIE13

Avoid the use of such absolutes (vs. “could”).

Agreed – revised

The enhanced performance may lead to improved profitability and stability of the business within the industry

The enhanced performance will lead to improved profitability and stability of the business within the industry.

5

AIE14

Per APA Manual (p. 198: Section 7.01): If EACH issue of a journal begins on page 1, give the issue number in parentheses immediately after the volume number.

Agreed – revised

Barney, J.B. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1), 99-121. doi:10.1177/014920639101700108.

Barney, J.B. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17,1, 99-121. doi:10.1177/014920639101700108.

6

AIE15

Capitalization of books’ titles.

Agreed – revised

Lewis, P., Saunders, M. N., & Thornhill, A. (2015). Research Methods for Business Students (7th ed.). London: Pearson.

Lewis, P., Saunders, M. N., & Thornhill, A. (2015). Research methods for business students (7th ed.). London, England: Pearson.

6

AIE16

Missing country.

Agreed – revised

Lewis, P., Saunders, M. N., & Thornhill, A. (2015). Research Methods for Business Students (7th ed.). London: Pearson.

Lewis, P., Saunders, M. N., & Thornhill, A. (2015). Research methods for business students (7th ed.). London, England: Pearson.

6

AIE17

Capitalization of journal articles’ titles.

Agreed – revised

Memili, E., Fang, H. C., Chrisman, J. J., & De Massis, A. (2015). The Impact of Small- and Medium-Sized Family Firms on Economic Growth. Small Business Economics, 45(4), 771-785. doi:10.1007/s11187-015-9670-0.

Memili, E., Fang, H. C., Chrisman, J. J., & De Massis, A. (2015). The impact of small- and medium-sized family firms on economic growth. Small Business Economics, 45, 4, 771-785. doi:10.1007/s11187-015-9670-0.

6

AIE18

Per APA Manual (p. 198: Section 7.01): If EACH issue of a journal begins on page 1, give the issue number in parentheses immediately after the volume number.

Agreed – revised

Memili, E., Fang, H. C., Chrisman, J. J., & De Massis, A. (2015). The Impact of Small- and Medium-Sized Family Firms on Economic Growth. Small Business Economics, 45(4), 771-785. doi:10.1007/s11187-015-9670-0.

Memili, E., Fang, H. C., Chrisman, J. J., & De Massis, A. (2015). The Impact of Small- and Medium-Sized Family Firms on Economic Growth. Small Business Economics, 45, 4, 771-785. doi:10.1007/s11187-015-9670-0.

6

AIE19

Spacing?

Agreed – revised

Othman, R., Arshad, R., Aris, N. A., & Arif, S. M. M. (2015). Organizational resources and sustained competitive advantage of cooperative organizations in Malaysia. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 170, 120-127. doi: 10. 1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.021

Othman, R., Arshad, R., Aris, N. A., & Arif, S. M. M. (2015). Organizational resources and sustained competitive advantage of cooperative organizations in Malaysia. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 170, 120-127. doi:10. 1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.021

7

AIE20

Per APA Manual (p. 198: Section parentheses immediately after the volume number.

Agreed – revised

Poveda, C. A., & Young, R. (2015). Potential benefits of developing and implementing environmental and sustainability rating systems: Making a case for the need for diversification. International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment, 4(1), 1-11. doi:10.1016/j.ijsbe.2014.12.003.

Poveda, C. A., & Young, R. (2015). Potential benefits of developing and implementing

environmental and sustainability rating systems: Making a case for the need for diversification. International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment, 4,1, 1-11. doi:10.1016/j.ijsbe.2014.12.003.

7

AIE21

Italicize such reports’ titles AND capitalization of reports’ titles.

Agreed – revised

U.S. Small Business Administration. (2017). The United States Small Business profile . Retrieved

from https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/advocacy/United_States_1.pdf

U.S. Small Business Administration. (2017). The United States Small Business profile. Retrieved

from https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/advocacy/United_States_1.pdf

7

DJH1

please omit descriptive

is this a single or multiple?

Omitted descriptive

The purpose of this qualitative descriptive case study is to explore strategies that some entrepreneurs in small and medium enterprises use to ensure sustainability.

The purpose of this qualitative case study is to explore strategies that some entrepreneurs in small and medium enterprises use to ensure sustainability.

1

DJH2

0mit extra space

Removed extra space

Therefore, a qualitative method is the most appropriate for this study since no hypotheses about variables’ relationships are needed for addressing my study’s purpose.

In this study, descriptive case study, phenomenological, miniethnography and focus group research designs are considered.

Therefore, a qualitative method is the most appropriate for this study since no hypotheses about variables’ relationships are needed for addressing my study’s purpose.

In this study, descriptive case study, phenomenological, miniethnography and focus group research designs are considered.

2

DJH3

gain?

Agreed – corrected

Researchers use phenomenological research design to get a broader understanding of a phenomenon by investigating the personal meaning of lived experiences of the subjects and this is subject to biases, assumptions and pre-conceived ideas (Lewis, Saunders & Thornhill, 2015).

Researchers use phenomenological research design to gain a broader understanding of a phenomenon by investigating the personal meaning of lived experiences of the subjects and this is subject to biases, assumptions and pre-conceived ideas (Lewis, Saunders & Thornhill, 2015).

DJH4

comma

Agreed – revised

Researchers use phenomenological research design to get a broader understanding of a phenomenon by investigating the personal meaning of lived experiences of the subjects and this is subject to biases, assumptions and pre-conceived ideas (Lewis, Saunders & Thornhill, 2015).

Researchers use phenomenological research design to gain a broader understanding of a phenomenon by investigating the personal meaning of lived experiences of the subjects and this is subject to biases, assumptions, and pre-conceived ideas (Lewis, Saunders & Thornhill, 2015).

3

DJH5

double space only

Agreed – revised

5. What were the key barriers to implementing the strategies your organization used to ensure its sustainability?

6. How did you overcome the key challenges that you encountered while implementing the sustainability strategies?

5. What were the key barriers to implementing the strategies your organization used to ensure its sustainability?

6. How did you overcome the key challenges that you encountered while implementing the sustainability strategies?

3

DJH6

omit the issue number

from the PD review:

Per APA Manual (p. 198: Section 7.01): If EACH issue of a journal begins on page 1, give the issue number in parentheses immediately after the volume number.

Agreed – revised

Barney, J.B. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17,1, 99-121. doi:10.1177/014920639101700108.

Barney, J.B. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17, 99-121. doi:10.1177/014920639101700108.

6

DJH7

see previous note about issue numbers

Agreed – revised

Memili, E., Fang, H. C., Chrisman, J. J., & De Massis, A. (2015). The impact of small- and medium-sized family firms on economic growth. Small Business Economics, 45, 4, 771-785. doi:10.1007/s11187-015-9670-0.

Memili, E., Fang, H. C., Chrisman, J. J., & De Massis, A. (2015). The impact of small- and medium-sized family firms on economic growth. Small Business Economics, 45, 771-785. doi:10.1007/s11187-015-9670-0.

6

DJH8

see previous note about issue numbers

Agreed – revised

Poveda, C. A., & Young, R. (2015). Potential benefits of developing and implementing

environmental and sustainability rating systems: Making a case for the need for diversification. International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment, 4, 1, 1-11. doi:10.1016/j.ijsbe.2014.12.003.

Poveda, C. A., & Young, R. (2015). Potential benefits of developing and implementing

environmental and sustainability rating systems: Making a case for the need for diversification. International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment, 4, 1-11. doi:10.1016/j.ijsbe.2014.12.003.

7

DJH1

Be specific, revise

Agreed – revised

They contribute an estimated 39% of the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (Ho & Barnes, 2013).

Small businesses contribute an estimated 39% of the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (Ho & Barnes, 2013).

1

DJH2

Review formatting here. Indent

Agreed – revised

6

DJH3

Move this heading to the next page

Agreed – revised

7

DJH4

Use several sources to support your writing

Agreed – revised

The identified resource should facilitate the firm to implement business strategies that are effective and efficient. The second characteristic that a strategic resource should possess is that the resource should be rare. This is an important consideration in formulating a sustainable strategy, as it ensures that the identified strategic resource is not available to the competitors. The uniqueness of strategic resources guarantees a successful and sustainable business strategy. The third attribute is that the identified resource should be imperfectly imitable. Other than the resource being unavailable to the competitors, it should not be possible for them to create a perfect imitation of the resource.

The identified resource should facilitate the firm to implement business strategies that are effective and efficient. The second characteristic that a strategic resource should possess is that the resource should be rare. This is an important consideration in formulating a sustainable strategy, as it ensures that the identified strategic resource is not available to the competitors. The uniqueness of strategic resources guarantees a successful and sustainable business strategy. The third attribute is that the identified resource should be imperfectly imitable (Rothaermel, 2013. Other than the resource being unavailable to the competitors, it should not be possible for them to create a perfect imitation of the resource.

10

DJH5

Use at least two sources per paragraph

Agreed – revised

According to Bergquist (2017), there was a rise in the problems relating to environmental sustainability, including dpletion of natural resources and growth in the use fossil fuel energy. Industrial capitalism in the nineteenth and the twentieth century led to many businesses adopting innovative technologies that enhanced commercialization of products but at the same time creating critical impacts on the world economy. On one hand, the increased use of fossil fuels and other key natural resources in the past two centuries contributed to economic growth, and on the other led to the environmental crisis that is currently faced in the twenty first century.

According to Bergquist (2017), there was a rise in the problems relating to environmental sustainability, including dpletion of natural resources and growth in the use fossil fuel energy. Industrial capitalism in the nineteenth and the twentieth century led to many businesses adopting innovative technologies that enhanced commercialization of products but at the same time creating critical impacts on the world economy. On one hand, the increased use of fossil fuels and other key natural resources in the past two centuries contributed to economic growth, and on the other hand led to the environmental crisis that is currently faced in the twenty first century.

12

DJH6

Be specific, revise

Agreed – revised

It is due to the depleting resources, climate change, and other environmental challenges that business sustainability has become vital not just for the survival of business organizations, but also for ensuring the ability of future generations to survive the earth’s environment is not compromised.

Due to the depleting resources, climate change, and other environmental challenges, business sustainability has become vital not just for the survival of business organizations, but also for ensuring the ability of future generations to survive the earth’s environment is not compromised.

12

DJH7

Add a leading sentence, use the MEAL plan

Agreed – revised

The short-termism of most firms has been associated with the firms’ overlooking of the time aspect (Bansal & DesJardine, 2014).

According to Bansal and DesJardine (2014), the short-termism of most firms has been associated with the firms’ overlooking of the time aspect.

13

DJH8

Place in alphabetical order

Agreed – revised

(Rhee & Park, 2018; Brix, 2017).

(Brix, 2017; Rhee & Park, 2018).

25

DJH10

Use italics instead of quotes

Agreed – revised

socio-ecological innovation

socio-ecological innovation

33

DJH11

Add the doi or URL of the journal home page

Agreed – revised

Alves, A. C., Barbieux, D., Reichert, F. M., Tello-Gamarra, J., & Zawislak, P. A. (2017). Innovation and dynamic capabilities of the firm: Defining an assessment model. Revista de Administração de Empresas, 57(3), 232-244. doi:10.1590/s0034-759020170304

Alves, A. C., Barbieux, D., Reichert, F. M., Tello-Gamarra, J., & Zawislak, P. A. (2017). Innovation and dynamic capabilities of the firm: Defining an assessment model. Revista de Administração de Empresas, 57(3), 232-244.

66

DJH1

Use the MEAL plan, add a leading sentence

Agreed – revised

Furthermore, small businesses represent around 99.9% of all businesses in the United States, and they account for around 54% of all the sales made in the country (SBA, 2013).

Furthermore, according to SBA (2013), small businesses represent around 99.9% of all businesses in the United States, and they account for around 54% of all the sales made in the country.

1

DJH2

Use the MEAL plan, add a main idea sentence

Agreed – revised

According to Jansson, Nilsson, Modig, and Vall (2017), most SMEs lack commitment to sustainability, which they describe as the understanding of sustainability as a core component in various firm’s proocesses and procedures such as overall management philosophy, competiveness, strategic planning strategic and product decisions. Comment by Irene Williams: Use the MEAL plan, add a main idea sentence

Sustainability of a business is very important in any venture. According to Jansson, Nilsson, Modig, and Vall (2017), most SMEs lack commitment to sustainability, which they describe as the understanding of sustainability as a core component in various firm’s proocesses and procedures such as overall management philosophy, competiveness, strategic planning strategic and product decisions.

14

DJH3

What type of measurement?

Agreed – revised

Measurement

Measurement Tools