Assignment 5
mepalacios3
Ch7IoTFall2022CommunPosted.pptxINST560, Internet of Things (IoT)
UNIVERSITY OF NORTH AMERICA
Lecture 7: Summer 2022
Professor Aliakbar Jalali
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Internet of Things Communication and Protocols
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Topics
Introduction
IoT Networking
Types of Networking
IoT Networking Technology
IoT Communications
IoT Communication Technologies
IoT Wireless Communication
IoT Protocols
What is IoT Protocols?
Understand each of commonly used protocols
The most common IoT Protocols
Conclusion
References
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Introduction
The benefit and value of IoT comes from enabling the components to communicate; this ability to communicate is what moves data from endpoint devices through the IoT pipeline to central servers.
Network devices, or networking hardware, are physical devices that are required for communication and interaction between hardware on a computer network.
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Introduction
Communication happens via IoT protocols, which ensure that data sent from endpoint devices, such as sensors, is received and understood by the next and subsequent steps in the connected environment, whether the next step for that data is to another endpoint device or a gateway or an application.
The communication of IoT devices can be unidirectional (send data) or bidirectional (send and receive data).
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How IoT devices to be connected?
Modern digital networks make all this possible.
The world is quickly being covered with networks that allow digital devices to interconnect and transmit.
Think of the mesh of networks like a digital skin surrounding the planet.
With this digital skin, mobile devices, electronic sensors, electronic measuring devices, medical devices, and gauges are all able to connect.
They monitor, communicate, evaluate, and in some cases automatically adjust to the data that is being collected and transmitted.
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IoT network
The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical devices, vehicles, home appliances and other items embedded with electronics, software, sensors, actuators, and connectivity which enables these objects to connect and exchange data.
IoT Network refers to the collective network of connected devices and the technology that facilitates communication between devices and the cloud, as well as between the devices themselves.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_things
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How are IoT Devices Connected to the Network?
A sensor needs to be connected to a network so that the gathered data can be stored and shared.
This requires either a wired Ethernet connection or a wireless connection to a controller.
While wireless Ethernet may be used, low power alternatives such as Bluetooth LE, Zigbee, or LoRa are more practicable.
Controllers are responsible for collecting data from sensors and providing network or internet connectivity.
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How are IoT Devices Connected to the Network?
Controllers may have the ability to make immediate decisions, or they may send data to a more powerful computer for analysis.
This more powerful computer might be in the same LAN as the controller or might only be accessible through an internet connection.
Sensors often work together with a device called an actuator.
Actuators take electrical input and transform the input into physical action.
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How are IoT Devices Connected to the Network?
As an example, if a sensor detects excess heat in a room, the sensor sends the temperature reading to the microcontroller.
The microcontroller can send the data to an actuator which would then turn on the air conditioner.
The majority of new devices such as fitness wearables, implanted pacemakers, air meters in a mine shaft, and water meters in a farm field all require wireless connectivity.
Because many sensors are “out in the field” and are powered by batteries or solar panels, consideration must be given to power consumption.
Low-powered connection options must be used to optimize and extend the availability of the sensor.
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IoT Networking
The following factors determine the type of network technology used by an IoT device:
Distance
Bandwidth
Power consumption
The primary IoT area network types and some of the technologies they are likely to use:
Neighborhood area network (NAN)
Local area network (LAN)
Personal area network (PAN)
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IoT Networking
IoT Networking Technologies Overview
Wired technologies are sometimes used in IoT, but wireless dominates the field in most applications. The technologies discussed in this class are generally wireless.
The following best-known technologies used in IoT:
802.11 Wi-Fi
Bluetooth
Zigbee, 6LoWPAN, and Thread
Z-Wave
LoRaWAN
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IoT Networking
Different types of devices and different environments dictate what type of networking technology is likely to be used by a particular IoT device
Most IoT devices use some form of wireless communication.
The network technology used by an IoT device largely depends on the following factors:
Distance
Bandwidth
Power consumption
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IoT Networking
Primary IoT area network types and some of the technologies they are likely to use include the following:
Neighborhood area network (NAN)
NANs are primarily used in the utility industry to wirelessly collect data from utility meters
A similar network type, a field area network (FAN), is also used in utility applications and works with NAN technologies
Local area network (LAN)
IoT devices use the same LAN technologies that any connected computing device might use
Personal area network (PAN)
PANs use short-range network technologies such as 802.15 Bluetooth
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IoT Networking Technologies
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Types of Networks
Wan Network
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IoT Networks
Millions of IoT devices are connected to Networks
.
.
.
What is difference between Normal Devices and IoT Devices?
Connected devices is about connecting and communicating between devices (essentially machines, devices, sensors).
However, IoT goes beyond to include people, things and software systems.
Normal Network
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IoT Networking Technologies
Wired technologies are sometimes used in IoT; however, wireless dominates the field in most applications
802.11 Wi-Fi
IoT devices can use one of the 802.11 Wi-Fi LAN standards if the bandwidth requirements are high, and power is plentiful
Bluetooth
There are IoT-specific revisions to the Bluetooth standard (Bluetooth 4.2 and 5.0)
Bluetooth 5.1, released in January 2019, adds location tracking features, mesh networking capabilities, and other improvements
Compared with Wi-Fi, Bluetooth has less range, lower bandwidth, and provides less power to IoT applications
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IoT Networking Technologies
Zigbee, 6LoWPAN, and Thread
These technologies are based on IEEE 802.15.4, which specifies low-bandwidth, low-power, and inexpensive devices
802.15.4 specifies the Physical and Data link layers , but each technology differs at the upper layers
Zigbee is used in home and building automation applications to connect smart objects such as sensors, lighting, utility meters, locks, and motion detectors
6LoWPAN uses IPv6 and is targeted to similar applications as Zigbee
Thread is built upon 6LoWPAN at the Network layer and below, but it provides a mesh topology and a high level of security
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IoT Networking Technologies
Z-Wave
Z-Wave is used primarily in home automation to wireless connect smart devices such as locks, thermostats, lighting, and security systems
It is a wireless mesh technology that allows devices to communicate with one another and with a central control hub that serves as a gateway to the home Wi-Fi network so devices can be controlled with smart home assistants and smartphones
LoRaWAN
LoRaWAN is a low-power wide-area network technology that operates over a wide range of frequencies under 1 GHz
It can transmit up to 25 km under the right conditions
It is ideal for applications that are battery driven and have low bandwidth requirements
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IoT Communications
Sensor
Gateway
Cloud
D2D
Wireless Communication
D2D
Wireless Communication
D2D
Wireless Communication
Actuator
End user
Smart Phone
Web
Input
Smart Device
OR
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What is IoT communications?
IoT is connection of devices over internet, where these smart devices communicate with each other , exchange data , perform some tasks without any human involvement.
These devices are embedded with electronics, software, network and sensors which help in communication.
Several technologies based on the IoT are Radio-frequency Identification (RFID), Near-Field Communication (NFC), and WSNs.
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What is used for IoT communications?
Wi-Fi. Given its pervasiveness in home, commercial and industrial buildings, Wi-Fi is a frequently used IoT protocol.
It offers fast data transfer and is capable of processing large amounts of data.
Wi-Fi is particularly well suited within LAN environments, with short- to medium-range distances.
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Wireless communication Technology
Wireless communication technology has evolved to be an integral part of communication devices, no matter what they are used for.
Examples of wireless devices:
Cordless telephones,
GPS units,
wireless computer parts,
satellite television,
ZigBee,
Near Field Communications (NFC),
Infrared (IR),
Cellular Connectivity, Wireless networking, WiMax, LoRa, Li-Fi , Wi-Fi and Bluetooth LE (BLE).
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Number of Internet of Things (IoT) connected devices worldwide from 2019 to 2030, by communications technology
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https://www.statista.com/statistics/1194688/iot-connected-devices-communications-technology/
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Limitations of wireless communication Technology
Examples:
Near Field Communication (NFC), as the name suggests, allows a short range of less than 20 centimeters.
Only very few cell phones support NFC as it has low transmission capacity.
Cellular Connectivity is a viable option for IoT devices with a 5G network connection, but it will require a SIM card and the user must pay a subscription fee.
The best of the others may be Bluetooth LE (BLE) and Wi-Fi
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IoT Wireless Communication
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Range on Networking
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IoT Wireless Communication
IoT Networks
IoT Bandwidth
Wireless Communication
Morse
Radio
Bluetooth
Wi-Fi
LoRa
Li-Fi
More
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dlink.png
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Wireless Communication devices: Antenna
An antenna is a device to transmit and/or receive electromagnetic waves.
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Wireless Communication Types of IoT Antennas
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IoT Wireless Communication
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Wide Area Networks for IoT are needed
Because we want to communicate with IoT devises everywhere, the Wide Area Networks (WAN), are needed.
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Example of WAN Networks
Radio Stations:
Using High Power Energy (K Watt)
Sends signals far from station
IoT Networks needs:
Using Low Power Energy
Sends signals not far from transmitter
Looking for sending signals far, using low power energy!
Wide Area
Low Power
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Example of IoT Communication Wireless Networks
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| Generation | Year Introduced | Capabilities | Speed</TBT> |
| 1G | 1986 | Analog voice calls on cell phones | 2.4 kb/sec |
| 2G | 1991 | Digital voice, text messaging | 64 kb/sec |
| 3G | 2001 | Mobile data, Internet connectivity | 2 mb/sec |
| 4G / LTE | 2011 | Enhanced speeds capable of broadband video streaming | 100 mb/sec |
| 5 G / 6G | 2020 , 2025 | Fast data transfer, with minimal latency and ability to connect many IoT devices | 1–10 Gbps 1000–up Gbps |
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IoT Bandwidth
Bandwidth: Capacity of Channel
Bandwidth: The range of frequencies within a given band, in particular that used for transmitting a signal.
Bandwidth: Rate at which electronic signals can travel through a medium, such as a wire, cable, or channel.
Note: For sending signals via radio stations channels, you should either Increase Power Energy of radio station or Decrease Bandwidth!
Wide Area
Low Power
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Example for Bandwidth
Bandwidth may be thought of as the width of the 'pipe' through which data travels: greater the width, larger the amount of data that can flow through it.
Morse communication sends characters less than 20 bit/second.
Smaller Bandwidth, lower capacity of channel!
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Bandwidth and Range
NFC (Near Field Communication) Low BW and Low Range
Bluetooth is using for small devices low Band and small battery
Wi-Fi Better BW and Low Range (1/4 watt power)
Mobile 4G/LTE Good BW and Good Range (10 Km to 100 Km)
Lora: Low BW but Long Range (no Limit by physics, but limited by human!!!
LoRa is closer to standard of mobile technology.
Sender
Reciver
wall
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Bandwidth and Range
We are looking for Extremity Low BW and High Range, with low power
LoRa
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Bandwidth and Range
Relation between Bandwidth and Range in some of the Wireless Technologies.
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How are the devices connected?
Most of the modern smart devices and sensors can be connected to low power wireless networks like Wi-Fi, ZigBee, Bluetooth, Z-wave, LoRaWAN etc…
Each of these wireless technologies has its own pros and cons in terms of power, data transfer rate and overall efficiency.
Find out top 5 wireless technologies for Internet of Things and 5G
https://www.rfpage.com/what-are-the-major-components-of-internet-of-things/
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How are the devices connected?
Developments in the low power, low-cost wireless transmitting devices are promising in the area of IoT due to its long battery life and efficiency.
Latest protocols like 6LoWPAN- IPv6 over Low- Power Wireless Personal Area Networks have been adapted by many companies to implement energy efficient data transmission for IoT networks.
Find out top 5 wireless technologies for Internet of Things and 5G
https://www.rfpage.com/what-are-the-major-components-of-internet-of-things/
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D2D Communication
Sensor
Gateway
Cloud
D2D
Wireless Communication
D2S
Wireless Communication
S2S
Wireless Communication
Actuator
End user
Smart Phone
Web
Input
Smart Device
OR
ZigBee
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Introduction: D2D communication
Analogous to the way humans use the Internet, devices will be the main users on the Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem.
Therefore, device-to-device (D2D) communication is expected to be an essential part of the IoT.
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6725683/
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D2D communication
Devices will communicate with each other autonomously without any centralized control and collaborate to gather, share, and forward information in a multihope manner.
The quality of the information gathered depends on how smart the devices are.
These communicating devices will operate with different networking standards.
Devices will require intelligent routing protocols in order to achieve intelligent D2D communication.
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6725683/
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What is Wi-Fa?
Wi-Fa is a technology for wireless local area networking with devices based on the IEEE 802.11 standards.
Wi-Fi is uses radio waves to provide wireless high-speed Internet and network connections.
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WiFi
A common misconception is that the term Wi-Fi is short for "wireless fidelity," however this is not the case. Wi-Fi is simply a trademarked phrase that means:
IEEE 802.11x.
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WiFi Basics - Frequency
If you are a laptop or a Smart phone user or carry any WiFi enabled handset, the first thing you care about is the presence of WiFi wherever you are.
Its so simple for you to get connected to any WiFi network nearby you and get instantly hooked up with the internet.
Also, if you are a bit tech savvy, you would also possibly have a WiFi network at your home which connects your laptop, your Tablet, your home theater, may be a WiFi radio set and so on.
Since you encounter WiFi everywhere during your day-to-day life, its worthwhile to know some basic aspects of WiFi which will enable you to make the best use of it.
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WiFi Basics - Frequency
When we say something is wireless, basically means information is transferred from one place to another using waves which we can't see.
These waves are called Electromagnetic waves.
Some of these waves are longer and some are shorter.
These waves are generally characterized using a term called 'Frequency'.
The chart below shows range of electromagnetic waves and their usage.
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WiFi Basics - Frequency
WiFi works in frequency band of 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz also termed as 802.11g and 802.11a respectively.
Each wave coming out of such WiFi device is around 1.25 cm long for 802.11g and 0.5 cm long for 802.11a.
Also, you can see that radio stations work from a range of 600kHz to 1.6 MHz (AM ) and 88-108 MHz (FM) .
The waves coming out of radio stations vary from 5 m to 500m.
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Which One Should You Choose? BLE or Wi-Fi?
BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy) such as iBeacons or Beacons are used to send data over short distances.
This wireless technology has become an alternative for Wi-Fi, especially in IoT devices and apps.
Some important factors that must be considered when making the choice between BLE and Wi-Fi for wireless communication.
iBeacon is a protocol developed by Apple and introduced at the Apple Worldwide Developers Conference in 2013
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Understanding IoT Protocols
How the data moves from place to place within the architecture.
https://solace.com/blog/use-cases/understanding-iot-protocols-matching-requirements-right-option
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Device to device communications
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Device to gateway connections
Gateway to data systems
Between the data systems in the datacenter or cloud
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Device to device communications
When devices need to communicate with other devices, the use case likely requires that they receive data instantaneously because the timeliness of the incoming data is paramount.
Examples of device-to-device communications include:
Connected cars sharing information to cooperate for safer, more efficient traffic flow.
On the factory floor where industrial control systems, robots and sensors must work together to ensure the safe, efficient assembly of components within very specific parameters.
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Device to gateway connections
Each “thing” needs to send its data to an aggregating gateway node through what is sometimes called the “fog” layer.
Gateways perform two common functions.
First, they consolidate and route data from sensor devices to the appropriate data systems within the datacenter or cloud.
Second, they can analyze or aggregate device data and forward that data to the core systems and/or respond back to devices if a time-sensitive exception condition is noticed.
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Gateway to data systems
The gateway is usually a much more capable computing device than the sensor, with a reliable and fast network connection.
So here the determination of what message protocols and qualities of service to use is driven not by the gateway’s computing capabilities or connectivity, but by data traffic patterns such as periodic bustiness and congestion, number of concurrent connections required, and security requirements.
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Between the data systems in the datacenter or cloud
Within the secure datacenter, requirements such as integration with existing applications, high throughput, high availability, disaster recovery and ease of deployment become the critical decision factors.
Of course, this flow of data is bi-directional: while much more traffic will “fan in” from device to gateway to datacenter, select data will also “fan out” from datacenter to devices to initiate change or adaptation of the “things”.
An example would be a connected car whose navigation system learns about a new accident and updates the navigation system with new route data.
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Understanding IoT Protocols
When selecting messaging protocols for IoT, you will want to approach the challenge on a connection-by-connection basis.
It is unlikely that you’ll be able to choose just one protocol for the end-to-end picture above without compromising some aspect of your system.
https://solace.com/blog/use-cases/understanding-iot-protocols-matching-requirements-right-option
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What is IoT Protocols
IoT communication protocols are modes of communication that protect and ensure optimum security to the data being exchanged between connected devices.
The IoT devices are typically connected to the Internet via an IP (Internet Protocol) network.
However, devices such as Bluetooth and RFID allow IoT devices to connect locally.
In these cases, there’s a difference in power, range, and memory used. Connection through IP networks are comparatively complex, requires increased memory and power from the IoT devices while the range is not a problem.
These are the set of communication protocols typically used over the Internet.
Using IoT network protocols, end-to-end data communication within the scope of the network is allowed.
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How many protocols are there in IoT?
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There are multiple IoT protocols available, with each one offering certain capabilities or combinations of features that make it preferable over other options for specific IoT deployments.
Each IoT protocol enables either device-to-device, device-to-gateway or device-to-cloud/data center communication -- or combinations of those communications.
Factors such as geographic and special location, power consumption needs, battery-operated options, the presence of physical barriers and cost determine which protocol is optimal in an IoT deployment.
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The most common IoT Protocols
The most common include the following.
DDS.
LoRa and LoRaWAN.
LWM2M.
MQTT.
Wi-Fi.
XMPP.
Zigbee.
Z-Wave. Another proprietary option, Z-Wave is a wireless mesh network communication protocol built on low-power radio frequency technology.
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Protocols for IoT
https://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-15/ftp/iot_prot/#standards
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What is ZigBee?
ZigBee is an IEEE 802.15.4-based specification for a suite of high-level communication protocols used to create personal area networks with small, low-power digital radios, such as for home automation, medical device data collection, and other low-power low-bandwidth needs, designed for small scale projects which need wireless connection.
Hence, ZigBee is a low-power, low data rate, and close proximity (i.e., personal area) wireless ad hoc network (hoc network: decentralized type of wireless network).
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Protocol IEEE 802.11
Protocol IEEE 802.11 is a set of media access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) specifications for implementing wireless local area network (WLAN) computer communication in the 900 MHz and 2.4, 3.6, 5, and 60 GHz frequency bands.
The standard and amendments provide the basis for wireless network products using the Wi-Fi brand.
Wireless USB Wifi Adapter
802.11AC/600Mbps
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Understand each of commonly used protocols
MQTT
MQ Telemetry Transport is an open standard protocol maintained by OASIS, designed for IoT communications over TCP. There are currently two versions in use, MQTT 3.1.1 and MQTT 5.0. (MQTT was developed to meet device to gateway messaging requirements and doesn’t meet most needs of gateway to a datacenter or intra-datacenter connections).
https://solace.com/blog/use-cases/understanding-iot-protocols-matching-requirements-right-option
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Understand each of commonly used protocols
JMS
Java Message Service is a 15-year-old messaging standard first defined by Sun Microsystems, widely used to integrate server applications like databases, analytics engines and business process automation engines with a message bus.
JMS defines a standard set of APIs but does not specify a protocol.
That means you can choose from among many JMS providers, but different JMS stacks do not interoperate on the wire.
JMS is primarily used with Java applications.
https://solace.com/blog/use-cases/understanding-iot-protocols-matching-requirements-right-option
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Understand each of commonly used protocols
JMS makes sense for gateway to datacenter connections, and within the datacenter. JMS is by far the most widely used datacenter messaging stack within enterprises today, and the most widely embedded messaging API across the tools like analytics engines, process engines, and monitoring platforms.
If you have a well-established JMS footprint, it may make sense to continue – it’s proven, it’s easy and it requires the least change to existing systems. If you have a greenfield application, or your toolset can as easily support AMQP or JMS, many architects will choose AMQP over JMS today for reasons I’ll explain next.
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Understand each of commonly used protocols
AMQP
Advanced Message Queueing Protocol is a wire-level binary protocol that allows any AMQP client to communicate with any other AMQP server, regardless of programming languages or platforms.
Although AMQP may not be suitable for sensor devices with limited memory, power or network bandwidth, it’s the only protocol viable for end-to-end use for select IoT use cases.
For example, in Industrial IoT, such as factory machinery or SCADA systems where the device and its network are substantially capable.
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It is worth noting that one of the most popular APIs used with AMQP is JMS. This means that if you currently rely on tools that provide JMS integration at the API level, by choosing an AMQP protocol/broker accessible via JMS, you can migrate towards AMQP without recoding applications. I’ll write more about this important concept in the future – stay tuned.
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Understand each of commonly used protocols
REST
RESTful interactions rely on HTTP methods, which means no client library is required on the client side.
This could be useful for a very simple device/sensor that only requires one-way (outbound) communication because it means any service that can receive RESTful POSTs can receive data from that sensor.
The trade-off is that you don’t get any of the behavior of a messaging protocol. If the server is unavailable or backlogged, data from the sensor will be lost, unless the sensor application handles buffering and retries in the application code.
There are benefits to a messaging protocol in an end-to-end system like an IoT application which has previously been discussed above.
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Understand each of commonly used protocols
CoAP
Constrained Application Protocol is based on a subset of HTTP methods like REST but adds limited quality of service and works with UDP only, not TCP.
It was designed for constrained device connectivity in the early days of IoT’s emergence – it stands for “Constrained Application Protocol.”
Since MQTT’s arrival as a standard, with its equal handling of constrained devices, and much broader feature set beyond that, few people are choosing CoAP for new efforts. You are likely to choose CoAP only if it is the embedded choice for a sensor device, and you must support an application that already uses it.
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Understand each of commonly used protocols
DDS
Data Distribution Service was designed to connect devices to other devices with minimal overhead.
DDS implementations have direct device-to-device “data bus”.
To use DDS, you create a set of topics, with their own data types. Instead of relying on a message broker, data publishers and consumers get matched through the data bus based on their types, topics and quality of service (QoS) parameters.
Also, it can run over UDP (multicast), TCP, shared memory, and other proprietary networks. Instead of relying on the transport layer for reliability, it has its own per-stream reliability protocol
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Building an End-to-End Strategy
Device to device communications
A non-TCP transport layer such as UDP is desired here. Among the protocols mentioned above, MQTT-SN, CoAP and DDS support UDP multicast.
Device to gateway connections
MQTT is best suited if a device or “thing” is very limited in its power, processing, memory or network capacity.
Gateway to data systems
JMS may be the right choice here if existing datacenter’s applications already use JMS as their messaging service.
Between data systems in the datacenter or cloud
The most important consideration for any messaging protocol in the datacenter will be to integrate seamlessly with the existing applications’ messaging service(s). Today this is most commonly JMS simply because it is so pervasive, although newer applications may use AMQP (possibly under a JMS API)
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Conclusion
IoT devices share the sensor data they collect by connecting to an IoT gateway or other edge device where data is either sent to the cloud to be analyzed or analyzed locally.
Sometimes, these devices communicate with other related devices and act on the information they get from one another.
Communication and protocols are an important parts of an IoT ecosystems.
This communication happens via IoT protocols, which ensure that data sent from endpoint devices, such as sensors, is received and understood by the next and subsequent steps in the connected environment, whether the next step for that data is to another endpoint device or a gateway or an application.
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References
TECHNOLOGIES & PROTOCOLS FOR IOT
https://webstor.srmist.edu.in/web_assets/downloads/2021/communication-technologies-for-iot.pdf
IoT Network Setup (27 Minutes)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UGBobTInIBc
Top 10 IoT Protocols you should know in 2022 (10 min)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kh1VSum3A5U&t=18s
An Intro to IoT Protocols: MQTT, CoAP, HTTP & Web Sockets (53 min)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s6ZtfLmvQMU&t=646s
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