Discussion

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Contexts of Adolescent Development

Part II

• Families

• Peer Groups

• Schools

• Work, Leisure & Media

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Work, Leisure, & the Media Chapter 7

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Outline

� How do contemporary adolescents use their free time?

� Adolescents and work

� Effects on adolescent development?

� What do adolescents do with their free time?

� Adolescents and the mass media

� Effects on adolescent development

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Today’s Typical Teenager…

� More time in leisure than “productive” activities

� More time alone than with family members

� More hours at part-time jobs than on homework

� Spends < 5 hours per week on homework (variations in Asian culture ~ 5 hours per day)

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Decline of Student Workers

�Decrease in student employees in the last 15 years

�Education reform leads to tougher standards

�Economic Recession

�Immigration brings willing & able adults

�New technologies expand leisure activities for teens

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Teen Employment outside the U.S.

� Nonindustrialized societies � Leave school ~ age 15 & common to work for the family

� Varies in industrialized countries �50% of students work in Canada and Australia

�Virtually nonexistent in Japan or Korea

�Western Europe—varies

�rare in France, Italy, and Spain

�common in Great Britain, the Netherlands, and Sweden

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Employment & Adolescent Development

�Popular belief that working:

�helps teens build character

�teaches them about the real world

�prepares them for adulthood

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Employment & Adolescent Development

�These ideas are NOT supported by research

�Employment during the school year may negatively affect development and preparation for adult work

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Impact of Work on Education

�Issue is # of hours adolescent works, not whether s/he works

�Working long hours (20+) is related to: �absence from school

�less time spent on homework �earning slightly lower grades

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Work & Problem Behavior

�Work keeps teens out of trouble? �Working long hours may actually increase

�aggression, school misconduct �precocious sexual activity, minor delinquency

� Differential Impact of Work �middle class: working associated with problem

behaviors �poor youth: working may not lead to problem behavior

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Leisure Time

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Leisure Time

� Almost 50% of waking hours spent on leisure activities � Better mood?

� Difficult to study adolescents moods à emotions change throughout the day

� Experience Sampling Method

�Adolescents carry pagers and booklets, respond to questions each time pager beeps

�Smartphones make this even more accessible!

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Experience Sampling Method

�Results indicated that: �Moods most positive when with friends – more positive

between grades 5 & 9 �Least positive when alone �Moods with family somewhere in between – more

negative between 5 and 7, then rises after grade 9

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Structured Leisure Activities

�2/3 of U.S. students involved in at least one extracurricular activity

�Athletics most popular in the United States

�Other popular activities: �Music (band, chorus) �Academic (science or language clubs)

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Positive Impact!

�Participation in extracurricular activities: �Improves performance in school �Reduces likelihood of dropping out �Deters delinquency �Reduces drug use & other risk taking

�May also enhance psychological well-being and social status

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Positive Impact!

�Why?

�Contact with teachers who reinforce school value �Participation improves student self-confidence �Increased contact with positively influential peers �Bond students & parents to their school

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Adolescents & the Media

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Adolescents & the Media

�“Media-saturated” society • Almost all U.S. households have TV, computer, &

Internet access • 2/3 of adolescents have own cell phone

• Average adolescents spend nearly 8 hours a day using 1+ media

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Patterns of Cell Phone Use

The average adolescent sends more than 100 text messages a day (Lenhart, 2012).

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Theories of Media Influence

1. Cultivation Theory

2. Uses and Gratification Theory

3. Media Practice Model

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Influence of the Media

Media Use and Adolescent Behavior:

The Chicken or the Egg?

Negative

Media Images

Aggressive Behavior

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Controversial Media Content: Sex

� More than 70% of popular teen shows contain sexual content

� HOW MUCH? � Nearly 7 sexual scenes/hour

� WHAT TYPE? � Often promote men seeing women as sex objects

� Whether exposure affects sexual development is controversial! • Repeated exposure does affect attitudes, beliefs, and intentions (vs.

behaviors)

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Controversial Media Content: Violence

� More than 60% of TV shows contain violence � Exposure to 10,000 violent acts/year

� Adolescents playing violent video games get into more fights than peers • Difficult to determine direction of relationship

• Difference between viewing and engaging with violence

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Controversial Media Content: Violence

Figure 7.10 Exposure to violent television during adolescence is associated with increased aggression in young adulthood, especially among individuals who had a prior history of aggression (Johnson et al., 2002).

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Controversial Media Content: Drugs

� Alcohol, tobacco, or illicit drugs are present in nearly 75% of prime-time network dramatic programs, nearly all popular movies, and 50% of all music videos

� Nearly 10% of commercials that young people see on TV are for beer or wine

� Ads promoting alcohol and tobacco use, as well as antismoking ads, may change teenagers’ attitudes

�Not clear whether they change behavior

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Media & Girls’ Body Image

� Adolescent girls reading fashion magazines more dissatisfied with their bodies

�Reading articles about dieting leads to rise in unhealthy weight-control behaviors

�Experiments à showing girls images of thin models increases body dissatisfaction

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Media & Boys’ Body Image

�Fewer studies examining media’s impact on males’ body image

�Boys and men also more dissatisfied with body after seeing advertisements of muscular men

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Two Sides to the Internet…

�Adolescents spending time on the Internet less likely to spend time in physical activity

�Internet use can be positive if it helps adolescents acquire accurate information

�Social communication on the Internet creates both positive and negative experiences

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The Internet & Sexual Predators

�Only 9% of adolescents receive unwanted sexual attention/year

�“Sexting” is also rare à only 1% of adolescents have sent or appeared in naked photos