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Ch3_MusclesIntro.pptxMuscles of the Face, Head, and Neck
Restorative Art I
What are muscles?
Muscles cover, shape, protect, and support the skeleton and vital organs
They function to allow movement throughout the body
Entire body consists of over 500 large and small muscles that averages between 40 and 50% of an individual’s weight
Muscle Origin
Muscles start at one point and end at another
The fixed point where muscles attach is called the origin
The fixed point is just that, fixed. It does not move
On the face, the origin of muscles is usually on a stationary bone (does not move) or on cartilage
Muscle Insertion
The end of a muscle attached to a non-fixed (moveable) body part or to the skin
This is where the “pull” of a muscle occurs
Remember: For each muscle that pulls in one direction, there is another muscle that returns that body part to it’s original position
Tendons
Attach the ends of muscle to bone, skin, etc.
Tendon
Illustration
“Wrinkles” & Muscle
If you remember, a wrinkle is also called a “furrow”
Wrinkles cross the direction of muscle fibers at right angles
Muscle fibers that run up and down (vertically) will have wrinkles that run across them (horizontally)
Muscle fibers that run across (horizontally) will have wrinkles that run up and down (vertically)
Other Types of Muscle
Quadrilateral Muscles
Muscle fibers are parallel and run directly from their point of origin to the point of insertion
Sphincter Muscles
Ring-like, or circular, muscles that surround a natural orifice and allow a body passage to open or close
Some examples of these muscles are:
Mouth
Eyes
Anus
Double-Bellied Muscles
Two portions of muscle separated by tendons or aponeuroses
Aponeurosis
A flat, ribbon-shaped tendon
Aponeurosis
Aponeurosis:
Greek (Aponeurotica)
A broad, flat sheet of dense, fibrous, collagenous, tendon-like connective tissue
Is sheet-like in appearance
Is pearly-white colored
Attaches sheet-like muscles that need a wide area of attachment
In RA, the Epicranial aponeurosis, is an important covering on the upper part of the cranium and meets the occipitofrontalis muscle
Remember: Do not be intimidated by large words, break them down
Epi = on, over
Cranial = you know this one
Muscles of Form and Expression
Muscles of the Cranium
Occipitofrontalis
Occipitofrontalis Muscle (1)
Break it down to orient yourself:
occipito (occipital bone) frontalis (frontal bone)
AKA: Epicranius
Large muscle covering the top and sides of the skull
Runs from the occipital bone to the eyebrows
Has 2 large “bellies”
Occipital belly: draws the scalp backward in contraction
Frontal belly: draws scalp forward at contraction
This broad muscle covers the top of the skull
It consists of two parts, the occipitalis, or back part; and the frontalis, or front part
This muscle draws the scalp posteriorly and anteriorly, causing eyebrows to raise and wrinkles to form on forehead.
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Auricular Muscles (3)
Anterior
Posterior
Superior
Three thin muscles near the ear
They move the scalp more than they move the ear
They have no influence on surface form
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Muscles of Mastication
Masticate = to chew
Temporalis (2)
Masseter (2)
Pterygoideus Medialis (2)
Pterygoideus Lateralis (2)
Temporalis
Temporalis Muscle (2)
Broad muscles originating in the temporal cavity and inserting in the mandible
Muscles of mastication (masticate = to chew)
Are the strongest chewing muscles
Close the mandible/bring teeth together
Assist in side-to-side movement of the mandible
Muscles are fan-shaped
They have no effect on surface form
Left Temporalis
Masseter (2)
Masseter Muscle (2)
Origin: Zygomatic Arch
Insertion: Mandible
Located on the side of the face
Assists with closing the mandible
Left Masseter
Dallas Institute of Funeral Service
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Right Masseter Muscle
Pterygoideus Medialis (2) Pterygoideus Lateralis (2)
Pronounced: “Ter-i-goyd” (The “P” is silent)
Do not affect surface form
Both pairs are referred to as “pterygoids”
Muscles are deep
They allow side-to-side movement of the lower jaw
They GRIND food, not tear it
Origin: Processes of the sphenoid bone
Orbicularis Oculi (2)
Are sphincter muscles
Surround the eye sockets
Oculi: think “ocular” for the eye
Orbicularis: think “orb” or round (sphincter)
Close the eyelids
Compress lacrimal sacs
The “Muscles of reflection, or thought”
Small, narrow, pyramid-shaped muscles of facial expression
Muscles lie beneath the frontalis and orbicularis oculi
Medial end of eyebrows
Known as the “frowning muscles”
Draw the eyebrows inferiorly and medially--frowning)
Produce vertical furrows between the eyebrows when contracted
Think: Corrugated tin
Supercilii: think “above” “hair”
(Eyebrow)
Corrugator (2)
Levator Palpebrae Superioris (2)
Break it down:
Levator: think elevator, or to raise
Palpebrae: has to do with the eyelid
Superioris: means upper
So, raises (elevates) the upper eyelid
Muscle runs from deep inside the eye socket to the superior tarsal plate of the eyelid
Muscle is long, flat, thin and triangular shaped
If you run into a situation where you cannot close the eyelid, this muscle may be damaged/severed
Procerus (1)
Covers the bridge of the nose
Draws skin of forehead inferiorly
This causes transverse and vertical wrinkles (furrows) in the forehead, and across the root of the nose
Is a thin, long muscle
When contracted, medial end of eyebrows are drawn down
Extends from the lower portion of the nasal bone to the lower portion of the forehead
Orbicularis Oris (1)
Break it down:
Orbicularis: You know this from the eye muscle—Quiz yourself!
Oris: think “oral”
Flat band of muscles in upper and lower red lips and integumentary lips
The sphincter muscle that surrounds the mouth
Closes the lips
Compresses lips against the teeth
Shapes the lips during speech
The “Puckering Muscle” or “Whistling Muscle”
Unlike the sphincter of the eye, it is composed primarily of fibers from other facial and lip muscles
The End
Mayer, J. Sheridan. 1980. Reprint 2015.
DIFS Presentation. No date. Klicker Reference.
