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CH1Canvas.pptxManual of Structural Kinesiology R.T. Floyd, EdD, ATC, CSCS
Chapter 1
Foundations of Structural Kinesiology
Copyright ©2021 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Kinesiology and Body Mechanics 1
Kinesiology: study of motion or human movement
Anatomic kinesiology: ___________________________________
Biomechanics: _________________________________________
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© McGraw Hill
Kinesiology and Body Mechanics 2
Structural kinesiology: ___________________________________
Both skeletal and muscular structures are involved
Bones are different sizes and shapes particularly at the joints, which allow or limit movement
Muscles vary greatly in size, shape, and structure from one part of body to another
More than ____ muscles are found in the human body
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© McGraw Hill
Who needs Kinesiology?
Anatomists
Coaches
Strength and conditioning specialists
Personal trainers
Nurses
Physical educators
Physical therapists
Occupational therapists
Physicians, athletic trainers
Massage therapists and others in health-related fields
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© McGraw Hill
Why Kinesiology?
Should have an adequate knowledge and understanding of all large muscle groups to teach others how to strengthen, improve, and maintain optimal function of the human body
______________________________________________________
Through kinesiology and analysis of skills, physical educators can understand and improve specific aspects of physical conditioning
Understanding aspects of exercise physiology is also essential to coaches and physical educators
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Reference and Body Positions 1
Basis from which to describe joint movements (2 positions)
?
?
Body positions of primary importance to musculoskeletal exam and palpation
Fetal
____________
____________
____ sitting
Prone
_____ sitting
Supine
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Reference and Body Positions 2
Anatomical position
Most widely used and accurate for all aspects of the body
Standing in an upright posture, facing straight ahead, feet parallel and close, with palms facing forward
Fundamental position
Is essentially same as anatomical position except arms are at the sides and palms facing the body
Courtesy of R.T. Floyd
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© McGraw Hill
Reference Lines 1
To further assist in understanding the location of one body part in relation to another
Mid-axillary line
_____________________________
_______________
Line running vertically down surface of body passing through middle of sternum
Anterior axillary line
____________________________
©McGraw-Hill Education./Joe DeGrandis, photographer
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© McGraw Hill
Reference Lines 2
To further assist in understanding the location of one body part in relation to another
Posterior axillary line
_______________________
__________________
Line running vertically down surface of body passing through midpoint of clavicle
Mid-inguinal point
___________________
©McGraw-Hill Education./Joe DeGrandis, photographer
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© McGraw Hill
Reference Lines 3
To further assist in understanding the location of one body part in relation to another
Scapula line
Line running vertically down posterior surface of body passing through inferior angle of scapula
Vertebral line
Line running vertically down through spinous processes of spine
©McGraw-Hill Education./Joe DeGrandis, photographer
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© McGraw Hill
Anatomical Directional Terminology 1
Anterior
In front or in the front part
______________
In front and below
Anterosuperior
_____________
Courtesy of R.T. Floyd
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Anatomical Directional Terminology 2
Anterolateral
________________
Anteromedial
In front and toward the inner side or midline
___________
Relating to both front and rear
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Anatomical Directional Terminology 3
Posterior
____________________
______________
Behind and below; in back and below
Posterolateral
___________________
Courtesy of R.T. Floyd
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Anatomical Directional Terminology 4
______________
Behind and to the inner side
Posterosuperior
__________________
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Anatomical Directional Terminology 5
_____________
Pertaining or relating to the opposite side
Ipsilateral
________________
____________
Relating to the right and left sides of the body or of a body structure such as the right and left extremities
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Anatomical Directional Terminology 6
Inferior __________
Below in relation to another structure; caudal
________ (supra)
Above in relation to another structure; higher, cephalic
Courtesy of R.T. Floyd
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Anatomical Directional Terminology 7
Inferolateral
__________________
____________
Below and toward the midline or inside
Superolateral
____________________
_____________
Above and toward the midline or inside
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Anatomical Directional Terminology 8
_____________
Below in relation to another structure; inferior
Cephalic
________________________________________
Rostral
Near, or toward the head, especially the front of the head
Caudocephalad
___________________________________________
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Anatomical Directional Terminology 9
Cephalocaudal
__________________________________________
_______
Beneath or below the surface; used to describe relative depth or location of muscles or tissue
Superficial
___________________________________________
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Anatomical Directional Terminology 10
Distal
_______________________
Proximal
________________________
Proximodistal
___________________________
Courtesy of R.T. Floyd
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Anatomical Directional Terminology 11
Lateral
On or to the side; outside, farther from the median or midsagittal plane
Medial
Relating to the middle or center; nearer to the medial or midsagittal plane
Median
Relating to the middle or center; nearer to the median or midsagittal plane
Courtesy of R.T. Floyd
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© McGraw Hill
Anatomical Directional Terminology 12
Dexter
___________________________________________________
Sinister
___________________________________________________
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Anatomical Directional Terminology 13
Dorsal
_______________________________________________
Also relating to the top of the foot
Ventral
___________________________________________________
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Anatomical Directional Terminology 14
Palmar
Relating to the palm or volar aspect of the hand
Volar
_____________________________________
Plantar
______________________________________
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Anatomical Directional Terminology 15
Fibular
Relating to ______________________________________; also referred to as peroneal when specifically referring to the lateral leg
Tibial
Relating to ____________side of knee, leg, ankle, or foot
Radial
Relating to radial __________side of forearm or hand
Ulnar
Relating to ulnar ___________side of forearm or hand
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Anatomical Directional Terminology 16
___________________
In line with normal resting position of scapula as it lies on posterior rib cage, movements in scapular plane are in line with scapular which is at angle of ______ to ________degrees from frontal plane
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Planes of Motion
____________________________________________________
Motion through a plane revolves around an axis
There is a ____________relationship between a plane of motion and its axis
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Cardinal Planes of Motion 1
3 basic or traditional
In relation to the body, not in relation to the earth
Anteroposterior or ______ plane
Lateral or _______ plane
_________ or horizontal plane
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Cardinal Planes of Motion 2
Sagittal or anteroposterior plane (A P)
Divides body into equal, bilateral segments
It bisects body into 2 equal symmetrical halves or a right and left half
________________
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Cardinal Planes of Motion 3
Frontal, lateral or coronal plane
Divides the body into (front) anterior and (back) posterior halves
___________________
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Cardinal Planes of Motion 4
Transverse, axial or horizontal plane
Divides body into (top) superior and (bottom) inferior halves when the individual is in anatomic position
_______________________
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Diagonal Planes of Motion 1
Diagonal plane: involves combination of movements from traditional planes and occurs in joints that are capable of movement in two or more planes
Examples: ______________________________________
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Axes of rotation 1
For movement to occur in a plane, it must turn or rotate about an axis as referred to previously
The axes are named in relation to their orientation
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Axes of rotation 5
Diagonal or oblique axis
Also known as the oblique axis
Runs at a right angle to the diagonal plane
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Diagonal Planes of Motion 2
Most obvious at multiaxial joints such as shoulder and hip but can involve biaxial joints
High diagonal
Upper limbs at shoulder joints
Overhand skills
Example: Baseball pitch
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Alignment Variation Terminology 1
Anteversion
_____________________
___________
Abnormal or excessive rotation backward of a structure, such as _________
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Alignment Variation Terminology 2
Kyphosis
_________________________________
_____________
Increased curving of the spine inward or forward in the sagittal plane
Scoliosis
Lateral curving of the spine
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Alignment Variation Terminology 3
________
Bending backward, as in knee hyperextension
_________
Outward angulation of the distal segment of a bone or joint, as in knock-knees
_________
Inward angulation of the distal segment of a bone or joint, as in bowlegs
William E. Prentice
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Axes of rotation 2
Frontal, coronal, lateral, mediolateral or bilateral axis
Has same orientation as frontal plane of motion and runs from side to side perpendicular to sagittal plane of motion
Runs medial/lateral
Commonly includes ____________________
X-Axis
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Axes of rotation 3
Sagittal or anteroposterior axis
Has same orientation as sagittal plane of motion and runs from front to back perpendicular to frontal plane of motion
Runs anterior/posterior
Commonly includes ___________________
Z-Axis
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Axes of rotation 4
Vertical, long or longitudinal axis
Runs straight down through top of head and is perpendicular to transverse plane of motion
Runs superior/ inferior
Commonly includes ___________________
Y-Axis
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Body Regions 1
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Body Regions 2
Axial
Cephalic (head)
Cervical (neck)
Trunk
Appendicular
Upper limbs
Lower limbs
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Body Regions 3
Axial
Cephalic (head)
Cranium and face
Cervical (neck)
Trunk
Thoracic (thorax), dorsal (back), abdominal (abdomen), and pelvic (pelvis)
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Body Regions 4
Appendicular
Upper limbs
Shoulder, arm, forearm and manual
Lower limbs
Thigh, leg and pedal
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Skeletal System
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Osteology
Adult skeleton
206 bones
Axial skeleton
____ bones
Appendicular
_____ bones
Occasional variations
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Skeletal Functions (5)
Protection ______________________________
Support ___________________________
Movement __________________________________
Mineral storage _______________________
Hemopoiesis: ____________________________________
Process of blood cell formation in the red bone marrow
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Types of Bones 1
Long bones: ______________
__________: carpals, tarsals
Flat bones: ______________
Irregular bones: pelvis, ethmoid, ear ossicles
Sesamoid bones: __________
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Types of Bones 4
Flat bones
Usually have a curved surface and vary from thick where tendons attach to very thin
Examples: ilium, ribs, sternum, clavicle and scapula
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Types of Bones 5
Irregular bones
Include bones throughout entire spine and ischium, pubis and maxilla
Sesamoid bones
Small bones embedded within tendon of a musculotendinous unit that provide protection and improve mechanical advantage of musculotendinous units
Patella
1st metatarsophalangeal
1st metacarpophalangeal
May be bipartite or tripartite
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Types of Bones 2
Long bones
Composed of a long cylindrical shaft with relatively wide, protruding ends
Shaft contains the medullary canal
Examples: Phalanges, metatarsals, metacarpals, tibia, fibula, femur, radius, ulna and humerus
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Types of Bones 3
Short bones
Small, cubical shaped, solid bones that usually have a proportionally large articular surface in order to articulate with more than one bone
Examples are carpals and tarsals
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Typical Bony Features 1
Diaphysis: _________________
_____: hard, dense compact bone forming walls of diaphysis
_________: dense, fibrous membrane covering outer surface of diaphysis
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Typical Bony Features 2
Endosteum: _____________
Medullary (marrow) cavity: between walls of diaphysis, containing yellow or fatty marrow
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Typical Bony Features 3
_________: ends of long bones formed from cancellous (spongy or trabecular) bone
Epiphyseal plate: thin cartilage plate separates diaphysis and epiphyses
©Jim Wehtje/Getty Images
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Typical Bony Features 4
Apophyses
Bony process with an independent center of ossification and associated growth plate, which serves as a point of attachment for a ligament or tendon
Close with skeletal maturity but are often inflamed with exercise or forces in adolescence
Particularly tibial tuberosity (Osgood-Schlatter), calcaneus (Sever’s), medial humeral epicondyle (Little League Elbow) and numerous locations on pelvis
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Typical Bony Features 5
Articular (______) cartilage: covering the epiphysis to provide cushioning effect and reduce friction
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Bone Growth 1
Endochondral bones
Develop from hyaline cartilage
Hyaline cartilage masses at embryonic stage
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Bone Growth 2
Endochondral bones
Grow rapidly into structures shaped similar to the bones which they will eventually become
Growth continues and gradually undergoes significant change to develop into long bone
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Bone Growth 3
Longitudinal growth continues as long as epiphyseal plates are open
Shortly after adolescence, plates disappear and close
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Bone Growth 4
Most close by age ___, but some may be present until ___
Growth in diameter continues throughout life
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Bone Growth 5
Internal layer of periosteum builds new concentric layers on old layers
Simultaneously, bone around sides of the medullary cavity is resorbed so that diameter is continually increased
Osteoblasts: ___________________
Osteoclasts: ___________________
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Bone Properties 1
Composed of calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, collagen and water
__to __% of bone weight: calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate
25 to 30% of bone weight: _______
Collagen provides some flexibility and strength in resisting tension
Aging causes progressive loss of collagen and increases brittleness, particularly when accompanied by reduced activity and exercise
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Bone Properties 2
Most outer bone is cortical with cancellous underneath
Cortical bone: low porosity, 5 to 30% nonmineralized tissue
Cancellous: spongy, high porosity, 30 to 90%
Cortical is _______________________than cancellous
Cancellous is spongier ___________________________
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Bone Properties 3
Wolff’s law
Bone size and shape are influenced by the direction and magnitude of forces that are habitually applied to them
Bones reshape themselves based ___________________________
Bone mass increases over time __________________
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Bone Markings 1
Processes (including elevations and projections)
(3) Processes that form joints
_______
_______
_______
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Bone Markings 2
Processes (elevations and projections)
Processes to which ligaments, muscles or tendons attach
Crest
Epicondyle
Line
Process
Spine (spinous process)
Suture
Trochanter
Tubercle
Tuberosity
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Bone Markings 3
Cavities (depressions): including opening and grooves
Facet
Foramen
Fossa
Fovea
Meatus
Sinus
Sulcus (groove)
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© McGraw Hill
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